EC-COUNCIL EC-COUNCIL Certifications 312-50V12 Questions & Answers

• Question 41:

  A skilled ethical hacker was assigned to perform a thorough OS discovery on a potential target. They decided to adopt an advanced fingerprinting technique and sent a TCP packet to an open TCP port with specific flags enabled. Upon receiving the reply, they noticed the flags were SYN and ECN-Echo. Which test did the ethical hacker conduct and why was this specific approach adopted?

  A. Test 3: The test was executed to observe the response of the target system when a packet with URG, PSH, SYN, and FIN flags was sent, thereby identifying the OS

  B. Qrest 1: The test was conducted because SYN and ECN-Echo flags enabled to allow the hacker to probe the nature of the response and subsequently determine the OS fingerprint

  C. Test 2: This test was chosen because a TCP packet with no flags enabled is known as a NULL packet and this would allow the hacker to assess the OS of the target

  D. Test 6: The hacker selected this test because a TCP packet with the ACK flag enabled sent to a closed TCP port would yield more information about the OS

  Correct Answer: B

  sender supports Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN), which is a mechanism to reduce network congestion. Different OSes have different implementations and responses to these flags, which can reveal their identity. For example, Windows XP and 2000 will reply with SYN and ECN-Echo flags set, while Linux will reply with only SYN flag set. By sending a TCP packet with these flags enabled to an open TCP port and observing the reply, the ethical hacker can probe the nature of the response and subsequently determine the OS fingerprint. The ethical hacker adopted this specific approach because it is an advanced and stealthy technique that can evade some firewalls and intrusion detection systems (IDS) that may block or alert other types of packets, such as NULL, FIN, or Xmas packets. Moreover, this technique can provide more accurate and reliable results than other techniques, such as banner grabbing or passive analysis, that may depend on the availability or validity of the information provided by the target system. The other options are not correct, as they describe different tests and reasons. Test 3 is a TCP/IP stack fingerprinting technique that uses the URG, PSH, SYN, and FIN flags to determine the OS of the target system. Test 2 is a TCP/IP stack fingerprinting technique that uses a NULL packet, which is a TCP packet with no flags enabled, to determine the OS of the target system. Test 6 is a TCP/IP stack fingerprinting technique that uses the ACK flag, which is used to acknowledge the receipt of a TCP segment, to determine the OS of the target system. References: OS and Application Fingerprinting | SANS Institute Operating System Fingerprinting | SpringerLink OS and Application Fingerprinting - community.akamai.com What is OS Fingerprinting and Techniques - Zerosuniverse

• Question 42:

  You are the chief cybersecurity officer at CloudSecure Inc., and your team is responsible for securing a cloudbased application that handles sensitive customer data. To ensure that the data is protected from breaches, you have decided to implement encryption for both data-at-rest and data-in-transit. The development team suggests using SSL/TLS for securing data in transit. However, you want to also implement a mechanism to detect if the data was tampered with during transmission. Which of the following should you propose?

  A. Implement IPsec in addition to SSL/TLS.

  B. Qswitch to using SSH for data transmission.

  C. Use the cloud service provider's built-in encryption services.

  D. Encrypt data using the AES algorithm before transmission.

  Correct Answer: A

  SSL/TLS is a protocol that provides encryption and authentication for data in transit between a client and a server. However, SSL/TLS does not provide any protection against data tampering, which is the alteration, deletion, or insertion of data without authorization or proper validation. Data tampering can compromise the integrity and accuracy of the data, and potentially lead to breaches or fraud. To detect and prevent data tampering, you should implement IPsec in addition to SSL/TLS. IPsec is a protocol that provides encryption, authentication, and integrity for data in transit at the network layer. IPsec uses cryptographic mechanisms, such as digital signatures and hash-based message authentication codes (HMACs), to verify the identity of the sender and the receiver, and to ensure that the data has not been modified during transmission. IPsec can also provide replay protection, which prevents an attacker from retransmitting old or duplicate packets. By combining SSL/TLS and IPsec, you can achieve a higher level of security and reliability for your cloud-based application. References: EC-Council CEHv12 Courseware Module 18: Cryptography, page 18-20 EC-Council CEHv12 Courseware Module 19: Cloud Computing, page 19-29 A comprehensive guide to data tampering Tamper Detection

• Question 43:

  A well-resourced attacker intends to launch a highly disruptive DDoS attack against a major online retailer. The attacker aims to exhaust all the network resources while keeping their identity concealed. Their method should be resistant to simple defensive measures such as IP-based blocking. Based on these objectives, which of the following attack strategies would be most effective?

  A. The attacker should instigate a protocol-based SYN flood attack, consuming connection state tables on the retailer's servers

  B. The attacker should execute a simple ICMP flood attack from a single IP, exploiting the retailer's ICMP processing

  C. The attacker should leverage a botnet to launch a Pulse Wave attack, sending high- volume traffic pulses at regular intervals

  D. The attacker should initiate a volumetric flood attack using a single compromised machine to overwhelm the retailer's network bandwidth

  Correct Answer: A

  A Pulse Wave attack is a type of DDoS attack that uses a botnet to send high-volume traffic pulses at regular intervals, typically lasting for a few minutes each. The attacker can adjust the frequency and duration of the pulses to maximize the impact and evade detection. A Pulse Wave attack can exhaust the network resources of the target, as well as the resources of any DDoS mitigation service that the target may use. A Pulse Wave attack can also conceal the attacker's identity, as the traffic originates from multiple sources that are part of the botnet. A Pulse Wave attack can bypass simple defensive measures, such as IP-based blocking, as the traffic can appear legitimate and vary in source IP addresses. The other options are less effective or feasible for the attacker's objectives. A protocol- based SYN flood attack is a type of DDoS attack that exploits the TCP handshake process by sending a large number of SYN requests to the target server, without completing the connection. This consumes the connection state tables on the server, preventing it from accepting new connections. However, a SYN flood attack can be easily detected and mitigated by using SYN cookies or firewalls. A SYN flood attack can also expose the attacker's identity, as the source IP addresses of the SYN requests can be traced back to the attacker. An ICMP flood attack is a type of DDoS attack that sends a large number of ICMP packets, such as ping requests, to the target server, overwhelming its ICMP processing capacity. However, an ICMP flood attack from a single IP can be easily blocked by using IP-based filtering or disabling ICMP responses. An ICMP flood attack can also reveal the attacker's identity, as the source IP address of the ICMP packets can be identified. A volumetric flood attack is a type of DDoS attack that sends a large amount of traffic to the target server, saturating its network bandwidth and preventing legitimate users from accessing it. However, a volumetric flood attack using a single compromised machine may not be sufficient to overwhelm the network bandwidth of a major online retailer, as the attacker's machine may have limited bandwidth itself. A volumetric flood attack can also be detected and mitigated by using traffic shaping or rate limiting techniques. References: Pulse Wave DDoS Attacks: What You Need to Know DDoS Attack Prevention: 7 Effective Mitigation Strategies DDoS Attack Types: Glossary of Terms DDoS Attacks: What They Are and How to Protect Yourself DDoS Attack Prevention: How to Protect Your Website

• Question 44:

  A cybersecurity analyst in an organization is using the Common Vulnerability Scoring System to assess and prioritize identified vulnerabilities in their IT infrastructure. They encountered a vulnerability with a base metric score of 7, a temporal metric score of 8, and an environmental metric score of 5. Which statement best describes this scenario?

  A. The vulnerability has a medium severity with a high likelihood of exploitability over time and a considerable impact in their specific environment

  B. The vulnerability has a medium severity with a diminishing likelihood of exploitability over time, but a significant impact in their specific environment

  C. The vulnerability has an overall high severity with a diminishing likelihood of exploitability over time, but it is less impactful in their specific environment

  D. The vulnerability has an overall high severity, the likelihood of exploitability is increasing over time, and it has a medium impact in their specific environment

  Correct Answer: D

  The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) is a method used to supply a qualitative measure of severity for a vulnerability. CVSS consists of three metric groups: Base, Temporal, and Environmental. The Base metrics produce a score ranging from 0 to 10, which can then be modified by scoring the Temporal and Environmental metrics. A vector string represents the values of all the metrics as a block of text The Base metrics measure the intrinsic characteristics of a vulnerability, such as the attack vector, the attack complexity, the required privileges, the user interaction, the scope, and the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The Base score reflects the severity of a vulnerability assuming that there is no temporal information or context available The Temporal metrics measure the characteristics of a vulnerability that change over time, such as the exploit code maturity, the remediation level, and the report confidence. The Temporal score reflects the current state of a vulnerability and its likelihood of being exploited The Environmental metrics measure the characteristics of a vulnerability that depend on a specific implementation or environment, such as the security requirements, the modified base metrics, and the collateral damage potential. The Environmental score reflects the impact of a vulnerability on a particular organization or system In this scenario, the vulnerability has a Base score of 7, a Temporal score of 8, and an Environmental score of 5. This means that: The vulnerability has a high severity based on its intrinsic characteristics, such as the attack vector, the attack complexity, the required privileges, the user interaction, the scope, and the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability. A Base score of 7 corresponds to a high severity rating according to the CVSS v3.0 specification The vulnerability has an increasing likelihood of exploitability over time based on its current state, such as the exploit code maturity, the remediation level, and the report confidence. A Temporal score of 8 is higher than the Base score of 7, which indicates that the vulnerability is more likely to be exploited as time passes1 The vulnerability has a medium impact on the specific environment or implementation based on the security requirements, the modified base metrics, and the collateral damage potential. An Environmental score of 5 is lower than the Base score of 7, which indicates that the vulnerability is less impactful in the particular context of the organization or system1 Therefore, the statement that best describes this scenario is: The vulnerability has an overall high severity, the likelihood of exploitability is increasing over time, and it has a medium impact in their specific environment. References: NVD - Vulnerability Metrics

• Question 45:

  You are the chief security officer at AlphaTech, a tech company that specializes in data storage solutions. Your company is developing a new cloud storage platform where users can store their personal files. To ensure data security, the development team is proposing to use symmetric encryption for data at rest. However, they are unsure of how to securely manage and distribute the symmetric keys to users. Which of the following strategies would you recommend to them?

  A. Use hash functions to distribute the keys.

  B. implement the Diffie-Hellman protocol for secure key exchange.

  C. Use HTTPS protocol for secure key transfer.

  D. Use digital signatures to encrypt the symmetric keys.

  Correct Answer: C

  Symmetric encryption is a method of encrypting and decrypting data using the same secret key. Symmetric encryption is fast and efficient, but it requires a secure way of managing and distributing the keys to the users who need them. If the keys are compromised, the data is no longer secure. One of the strategies to securely manage and distribute symmetric keys is to use HTTPS protocol for secure key transfer. HTTPS is a protocol that uses SSL/TLS to encrypt the communication between a client and a server over the Internet. HTTPS can protect the symmetric keys from being intercepted or modified by an attacker during the key transfer process. HTTPS can also authenticate the server and the client using certificates, ensuring that the keys are sent to and received by the intended parties. To use HTTPS protocol for secure key transfer, the development team needs to implement the following steps1: Generate a symmetric key for each user who wants to store their files on the cloud storage platform. The symmetric key will be used to encrypt and decrypt the user's files. Generate a certificate for the cloud storage server. The certificate will contain the server's public key and other information, such as the server's domain name, the issuer, and the validity period. The certificate will be signed by a trusted certificate authority (CA), which is a third-party entity that verifies the identity and legitimacy of the server. Install the certificate on the cloud storage server and configure the server to use HTTPS protocol for communication. When a user wants to upload or download their files, the user's client (such as a web browser or an app) will initiate a HTTPS connection with the cloud storage server. The client will verify the server's certificate and establish a secure session with the server using SSL/TLS. The client and the server will negotiate a session key, which is a temporary symmetric key that will be used to encrypt the data exchanged during the session. The cloud storage server will send the user's symmetric key to the user's client, encrypted with the session key. The user's client will decrypt the symmetric key with the session key and use it to encrypt or decrypt the user's files. The user's client will store the symmetric key securely on the user's device, such as in a password-protected file or a hardware token. The user's client will also delete the session key after the session is over. Using HTTPS protocol for secure key transfer can ensure that the symmetric keys are protected from eavesdropping, tampering, or spoofing attacks. However, this strategy also has some challenges and limitations, such as: The development team needs to obtain and maintain valid certificates for the cloud storage server from a trusted CA, which might incur costs and administrative overhead. The users need to trust the CA that issued the certificates for the cloud storage server and verify the certificates before accepting them. The users need to protect their symmetric keys from being lost, stolen, or corrupted on their devices. The development team needs to provide a mechanism for key backup, recovery, or revocation in case of such events. The users need to update their symmetric keys periodically to prevent key exhaustion or reuse attacks. The development team needs to provide a mechanism for key rotation or renewal in a secure and efficient manner. References: Key Management - OWASP Cheat Sheet Series Symmetric Cryptography and Key Management: Exhaustion, Rotation, Defence What is Key Management? How does Key Management work? | Encryption Consulting

• Question 46:

  A large e-commerce organization is planning to implement a vulnerability assessment solution to enhance its security posture. They require a solution that imitates the outside view of attackers, performs well-organized inference-based testing, scans automatically against continuously updated databases, and supports multiple networks. Given these requirements, which type of vulnerability assessment solution would be most appropriate?

  A. Inference-based assessment solution

  B. Service-based solution offered by an auditing firm

  C. Tree-based assessment approach

  D. Product-based solution installed on a private network

  Correct Answer: B

  A service-based solution offered by an auditing firm would be the most appropriate type of vulnerability assessment solution for the large e-commerce organization, given their requirements. A service-based solution is a type of vulnerability assessment that is performed by external experts who have the skills, tools, and experience to conduct a thorough and comprehensive analysis of the target system or network. A service-based solution can imitate the outside view of attackers, as the experts are not familiar with the internal details or configurations of the organization. A service- based solution can also perform well-organized inference-based testing, which is a type of testing that uses logical reasoning and deduction to identify and exploit vulnerabilities based on the information gathered from the target. A service-based solution can scan automatically against continuously updated databases, as the experts have access to the latest security intelligence and threat feeds. A service-based solution can also support multiple networks, as the experts can use different techniques and tools to scan different types of networks, such as wired, wireless, cloud, or hybrid. The other options are not as appropriate as option B for the following reasons:

  A. Inference-based assessment solution: This option is not a type of vulnerability assessment solution, but a type of testing method that can be used by any solution. Inference-based testing is a testing method that uses logical reasoning and deduction to identify and exploit vulnerabilities based on the information gathered from the target. Inference-based testing can be performed by service- based, product-based, or tree-based solutions, depending on the scope, objectives, and resources of the assessment.

  C. Tree-based assessment approach: This option is not a type of vulnerability assessment solution, but a type of testing method that can be used by any solution. Tree-based testing is a testing method that uses a hierarchical structure to organize and prioritize the vulnerabilities based on their severity, impact, and exploitability. Tree-based testing can be performed by service-based, product- based, or inference-based solutions, depending on the scope, objectives, and resources of the assessment.

  D. Product-based solution installed on a private network: This option is a type of vulnerability assessment solution, but it may not meet all the requirements of the large e-commerce organization. A product-based solution is a type of vulnerability assessment that is performed by using software or hardware tools that are installed on the organization's own network. A product-based solution can scan automatically against continuously updated databases, as the tools can be configured to download and apply the latest security updates and patches. However, a product-based solution may not imitate the outside view of attackers, as the tools may have limited access or visibility to the external network or the internet. A product-based solution may also not perform well-organized inference- based testing, as the tools may rely on predefined rules or signatures to detect and report vulnerabilities, rather than using logical reasoning and deduction. A product- based solution may also not support multiple networks, as the tools may be designed or optimized for a specific type of network, such as wired, wireless, cloud, or hybrid . References:

  1: Vulnerability Assessment Services | Rapid7

  2: Vulnerability Assessment Services | IBM

  3: Inference-Based Vulnerability Testing of Firewall Policies - IEEE Conference Publication

  4: A Tree-Based Approach for Vulnerability Assessment - IEEE Conference Publication

  5: Vulnerability Assessment Tools | OWASP Foundation

  6: Vulnerability Assessment Solutions

  7: Why You Need One and How to Choose | Defensible

• Question 47:

  An ethical hacker is hired to evaluate the defenses of an organization's database system which is known to employ a signature-based IDS. The hacker knows that some SQL Injection evasion techniques may allow him to bypass the system's signatures. During the operation, he successfully retrieved a list of usernames from the database without triggering an alarm by employing an advanced evasion technique. Which of the following could he have used?

  A. Utilizing the char encoding function to convert hexadecimal and decimal values into characters that pass-through SQL engine parsing

  B. Using the URL encoding method to replace characters with their ASCII codes in hexadecimal form

  C. Implementing sophisticated matches such as "OR `john' = john" in place of classical matches like "OR 1-1"

  D. Manipulating white spaces in SQL queries to bypass signature detection

  Correct Answer: D

  The hacker could have used the technique of manipulating white spaces in SQL queries to bypass signature detection. This technique involves inserting, removing, or replacing white spaces in SQL queries with other characters or symbols that are either ignored or interpreted as white spaces by the SQL engine, but not by the signature-based IDS. This way, the hacker can alter the appearance of the query and evade the pattern matching of the IDS, while preserving the functionality and logic of the query. For example, the hacker could replace the space character with a tab character, a newline character, a comment symbol, or a URL-encoded value, such as %2012. The other options are not correct for the following reasons:

  A. Utilizing the char encoding function to convert hexadecimal and decimal values into characters that pass-through SQL engine parsing: This option is not feasible because the char encoding function is not supported by all SQL engines, and

  it may not be able to convert all hexadecimal and decimal values into valid characters. Moreover, the char encoding function may not be able to bypass the signature detection of the IDS, as it may still match the keywords or syntax of the SQL

  query.

  B. Using the URL encoding method to replace characters with their ASCII codes in hexadecimal form: This option is not effective because the URL encoding method is not applicable to SQL queries, as it is designed for encoding special

  characters in URLs. The URL encoding method may not be able to replace all characters with their ASCII codes, and it may not be able to preserve the functionality and logic of the SQL query. Furthermore, the URL encoding method may not

  be able to evade the signature detection of the IDS, as it may still match the keywords or syntax of the SQL query.

  C. Implementing sophisticated matches such as "OR `john' = john" in place of classical matches like "OR 1-1": This option is not advanced because it is a common and basic SQL injection technique that does not involve any evasion or

  obfuscation. This technique involves injecting a logical expression that is always true, such as "OR `john' = john" or "OR 1-1", to bypass the authentication or authorization checks of the SQL query. However, this technique may not be able to

  bypass the signature detection of the IDS, as it may easily match the keywords or syntax of the SQL query.

  References:

  1: SQL Injection Evasion Detection - F5

  2: Mastering SQL Injection with SQLmap: A Comprehensive Evasion Techniques Cheatsheet

  3: SQL Injection Prevention - OWASP Cheat Sheet Series

  4: URL Encoding - W3Schools

  5: SQL Injection - OWASP Foundation

• Question 48:

  Your network infrastructure is under a SYN flood attack. The attacker has crafted an automated botnet to simultaneously send `s' SYN packets per second to the server. You have put measures in place to manage `f' SYN packets per second, and the system is designed to deal with this number without any performance issues. If `s' exceeds `f', the network infrastructure begins to show signs of overload. The system's response time increases exponentially (2^k), where `k' represents each additional SYN packet above the `f' limit. Now, considering `s=500' and different `f' values, in which scenario is the server most likely to experience overload and significantly increased response times?

  A. f=510: The server can handle 510 SYN packets per second, which is greater than what the attacker is sending. The system stays stable, and the response time remains unaffected

  B. f=495: The server can handle 495 SYN packets per second. The response time drastically rises (245 = 32 times the normal), indicating a probable system overload

  C. f=S05: The server can handle 505 SYN packets per second. In this case, the response time increases but not as drastically (245 = 32 times the normal), and the systern might still function, albeit slowly

  D. f=420: The server can handle 490 SYN packets per second. With 's' exceeding `f by 10, the response time shoots up (2410 = 1024 times the usual response time), indicating a system overload

  Correct Answer: D

  A SYN flood attack is a type of denial-of-service (DoS) attack that exploits the TCP handshake process by sending a large number of SYN requests to the target server, without completing the connection. This consumes the connection state tables on the server, preventing it from accepting new connections. The attacker has crafted an automated botnet to simultaneously send `s' SYN packets per second to the server. The server can handle `f' SYN packets per second without any performance issues. If `s' exceeds `f', the network infrastructure begins to show signs of overload. The system's response time increases exponentially (24k), where `k' represents each additional SYN packet above the `f' limit. Considering `s=500' and different `f' values, the scenario that is most likely to cause the server to experience overload and significantly increased response times is the one where `f=420'. This is because `s' is greater than `f' by 80 packets per second, which means the server cannot handle the incoming traffic and will eventually run out of resources. The response time shoots up (2480 = 281,474,976,710,656 times the normal response time), indicating a system overload. The other scenarios are less likely or less severe than the one where `f=420'. Option A has `f=510', which is greater than `s', so the system stays stable and the response time remains unaffected. Option B has `f=495', which is less than `s' by 5 packets per second, so the response time drastically rises (245 = 32 times the normal response time), indicating a probable system overload, but not as extreme as option D. Option C has `f=505', which is less than `s' by 5 packets per second, so the response time increases but not as drastically (245 = 32 times the normal response time), and the system might still function, albeit slowly. References: SYN flood DDoS attack | Cloudflare SYN flood - Wikipedia What Is a SYN Flood Attack? | F5 What is a SYN flood attack and how to prevent it? | NETSCOUT

• Question 49:

  A penetration tester is tasked with gathering information about the subdomains of a target organization's website. The tester needs a versatile and efficient solution for the task. Which of the following options would be the most effective method to accomplish this goal?

  A. Employing a tool like Sublist3r, which is designed to enumerate the subdomains of websites using OSINT

  B. Analyzing Linkedin profiles to find employees of the target company and their job titles

  C. Utilizing the Harvester tool to extract email addresses related to the target domain using a search engine like Google or Bing

  D. Using a people search service, such as Spokeo or Intelius, to gather information about the employees of the target organization

  Correct Answer: A

  Employing a tool like Sublist3r, which is designed to enumerate the subdomains of websites using OSINT, would be the most effective method to accomplish this goal. This option works as follows:

  Sublist3r is a python tool designed to enumerate subdomains of websites using OSINT (Open Source Intelligence). It helps penetration testers and bug hunters collect and gather subdomains for the domain they are targeting. Sublist3r

  enumerates subdomains using many search engines such as Google, Yahoo, Bing, Baidu, and Ask. Sublist3r also enumerates subdomains using Netcraft, Virustotal, ThreatCrowd, DNSdumpster, and ReverseDNS. Subbrute was integrated

  with Sublist3r to increase the possibility of finding more subdomains using bruteforce with an improved wordlist.

  By using Sublist3r, the tester can quickly and efficiently discover the subdomains of the target organization's website, which can provide valuable information about the network structure, the services offered, the potential vulnerabilities, and

  the attack surface. Sublist3r can also be used to perform passive reconnaissance, which does not send any packets to the target domain, and thus avoids detection by the target organization.

  The other options are not as effective as option A for the following reasons:

  B. Analyzing Linkedin profiles to find employees of the target company and their job titles: This option is not relevant because it does not address the subdomain enumeration task, but the social engineering task. Linkedin is a social networking platform that allows users to create and share their professional profiles, which may include their name, job title, company, skills, education, and contacts. By analyzing Linkedin profiles, the tester may be able to find employees of the target company and their job titles, which can be useful for crafting phishing emails, impersonating employees, or exploiting human weaknesses. However, this option does not help to discover the subdomains of the target organization's website, which is the goal of this scenario.

  C. Utilizing the Harvester tool to extract email addresses related to the target domain using a search engine like Google or Bing: This option is not sufficient because it does not provide a comprehensive list of subdomains, but only a partial list based on email addresses. The Harvester is a tool that can extract email addresses, subdomains, hosts, employee names, open ports, and banners from different public sources, such as search engines, PGP key servers, and SHODAN computer database. By using the Harvester, the tester may be able to extract some email addresses related to the target domain, which can reveal some subdomains, such as mail.target.com or support.target.com. However, this option does not guarantee to find all the subdomains of the target organization's website, as some subdomains may not have any email addresses associated with them, or may not be indexed by the search engines. D. Using a people search service, such as Spokeo or Intelius, to gather information about the employees of the target organization: This option is not applicable because it does not address the subdomain enumeration task, but the personal information gathering task. Spokeo and Intelius are people search services that can provide various information about individuals, such as their name, address, phone number, email, social media, criminal records, and financial history. By using these services, the tester may be able to gather information about the employees of the target organization, which can be useful for performing background checks, identity theft, or blackmail. However, this option does not help to discover the subdomains of the target organization's website, which is the goal of this scenario. References:

  1: GitHub - aboul3la/Sublist3r: Fast subdomains enumeration tool for penetration testers

  2: Subdomain Discovery in Cybersecurity with Kali Linux | Medium

  3: LinkedIn - Wikipedia

  4: The Harvester - Kali Linux Tools

  5: Spokeo - Wikipedia

  6: Intelius - Wikipedia

• Question 50:

  A security analyst is investigating a potential network-level session hijacking incident. During the investigation, the analyst finds that the attacker has been using a technique in which they injected an authentic-looking reset packet using a spoofed source IP address and a guessed acknowledgment number. As a result, the victim's connection was reset. Which of the following hijacking techniques has the attacker most likely used?

  A. TCP/IP hijacking

  B. UDP hijacking

  C. RST hijacking

  D. Blind hijacking

  Correct Answer: C

  The attacker has most likely used RST hijacking, which is a type of network- level session hijacking technique that exploits the TCP reset (RST) mechanism. TCP reset is a way of terminating an established TCP connection by sending a packet with the RST flag set, indicating that the sender does not want to continue the communication. RST hijacking involves sending a forged RST packet to one or both ends of a TCP connection, using a spoofed source IP address and a guessed acknowledgment number, to trick them into believing that the other end has closed the connection. As a result, the victim's connection is reset and the attacker can take over the session or launch a denial-of-service attack. The other options are not correct for the following reasons:

  A. TCP/IP hijacking: This option is a general term that refers to any type of network-level session hijacking technique that targets TCP/IP connections. RST hijacking is a specific type of TCP/IP hijacking, but not the only one. Other types of TCP/IP hijacking include SYN hijacking, source routing, and sequence prediction3. B. UDP hijacking: This option is not applicable because UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not use TCP reset mechanism. UDP hijacking is a type of network-level session hijacking technique that targets UDP connections, such as DNS or VoIP. UDP hijacking involves intercepting and modifying UDP packets to redirect or manipulate the communication between the sender and the receiver. D. Blind hijacking: This option is not accurate because blind hijacking is a type of network-level session hijacking technique that does not require injecting RST packets. Blind hijacking involves guessing the sequence and acknowledgment numbers of a TCP connection without being able to see the responses from the target. Blind hijacking can be used to inject malicious data or commands into an active TCP session, but not to reset the connection. References:

  1: RST Hijacking - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

  2: TCP Reset Attack - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

  3: TCP/IP Hijacking - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

  4: UDP Hijacking - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

  5: Blind Hijacking - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics