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• Question 111:

  The Hupa's overwhelming interest in wealth and social position allies them with the North Pacific tribes, but the Hupa thought that the distribution or destruction of property during a potlatch, as those tributes did, was a preposterous idea and beyond their comprehension.

  A. the Hupa thought that the distribution or destruction of property during a potlatch, as those tribes did, was a preposterous idea and beyond their comprehension

  B. the Hupa thought it a preposterous idea and beyond their comprehension to distribute or destroy property during a potlatch, like those tribes did

  C. the latter's distribution or destruction of property during a potlatch was to the Hupa a preposterous idea and beyond their comprehension

  D. their distribution or destruction of property during a potlatch they thought was a preposterous idea and beyond their comprehension

  E. the distribution or destruction of property during a potlatch by the latter was a preposterous idea to them and beyond their comprehension

  Correct Answer: E

• Question 112:

  It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following occurs when a salesperson employs the top-down sales tactic and does not occur when the bottom-up sales tactic is employed?

  A. The customer tends to question the honesty and credibility of the salesperson.

  B. The customer uses decision heuristics to simplify the information-rich decision task.

  C. The salesperson suggests that the more expensive item is actually a better value.

  D. The salesperson focuses on the sacrifices Involved in moving to lower-priced models in the product line.

  E. The salesperson presents a particular model as a reference point from which the customer must adjust to yield a final decision.

  Correct Answer: D

  Salespersons have employed two major sales tactics in order to influence customers to make relatively high-priced selections when presented with sequenced product lines (lines with graduated attributes and prices). The top-down tactic begins by presenting information on the highest-priced model and descends down the product line, explaining the sacrifices made with each step down. The way people use decision heuristics (rules of thumb) to simplify complex, information-rich decision tasks may explain the success of top-down selling. The "anchoring-and-adjustment" theory suggests that such mental shortcuts can systematically bias the decision outcome, as decision-makers start from an initial value or anchor point and adjust to yield a final decision. The bottom-up sales tactic starts by presenting the lowest- priced model as the reference point and steps up to higher-priced models. Salespersons seek to communicate that the more expensive item is actually a better value. But nothing in the decision-heuristics literature supports the bottom-up strategy as an effective tactic, and to the extent that the anchoring-and- adjustment theory explains the effectiveness of top-down selling, it suggests that the bottom-up tactic should be ineffective. Furthermore, some psychologists suggest that customers may attribute less honesty and credibility to a salesperson who is trying to step them up the product line to a more expensive model; if true, this could limit the tactic's effectiveness.

• Question 113:

  In only a very few of the cases where plants have been said to be engaged in "chemical warfare," such as In the case of knapweed and certain shrubs In California chaparral country, there Is solid evidence that secreted toxins are the inhibitory growth factor acting against neighboring plants.

  A. there is solid evidence that secreted toxins are the inhibitory growth factor acting against

  B. there is solid evidence that secreted toxins are what inhibits growth in

  C. does there exist solid evidence for secreted toxins inhibiting against the growth

  D. solid evidence can be found for secreted toxins being the Inhibitory factor against the growth of

  E. is there solid evidence that it is secreted toxins that inhibit the growth of

  Correct Answer: E

• Question 114:

  The reasoning in the final paragraph most strongly implies that the author makes which of the folowing assumptions?

  A. The vast majority of the planets in the cosmos have atmospheres.

  B. Living beings that evolve on planets orbiting hot stars are more likely to develop the capacity to see than are living beings that evolve on planets orbiting average-temperature stars.

  C. Living beings are most likely to evolve on planets with atmospheres containing gases that are abundant in the cosmos.

  D. If Irving beings evolve on planets orbiting the hottest stars, they will likely develop eyes that are sensitive to gamma rays.

  E. The frequencies of light that pass through a planet's atmosphere without being absorbed are the frequencies that the nearest star emits most abundantly.

  Correct Answer: A

  Light exists on a spectrum of frequencies extending from gamma rays at the highest frequencies to radio waves at the lowest, though human eyes are sensitive to only a narrow range of frequencies in the middle known as the visible spectrum. The different colors we see correspond to the different frequencies of light within that range. Given that there are so many frequencies of light, one might wonder why our eyes didnt evolve to be sensitive to more frequencies. Gamma rays from space collide with Earth's atmosphere, which converts some of their energy to heat and creates a distinctive cascade of subatomic particles down toward the ground. However, the rays themselves are entirety absorbed before they can reach Earth's surface. Thus, Earth would appear to be pitch black to eyes that were only sensitive to gamma rays. Similarly, the majority of frequencies of light that are higher or lower than those in the visible spectrum--such as ultraviolet and most infrared frequencies, respectively--are mostly or entirely absorbed by Earth's atmosphere. One reason we see the frequencies we do is that visible-spectrum light generally passes through our atmosphere without being absorbed or reflected. Another reason is that the Sun, in some respects an average star, emits most of its light at frequencies in the visible spectrum, whereas a hot star emits most of Its light at ultraviolet frequencies and a very cool star emits most of its light at infrared frequencies. Indeed, to remarkably high precision, the human eye to most sensitive to the exact frequency in the yellow part of the spectrum at which the Sun is the brightest Even if there are living beings on other planets, it is not likely that they would see mainly at very different frequencies than we do. Virtually all gases that are abundant in the cosmos tend to allow frequencies in the visible spectrum to pass through while absorbing other frequencies, and all but the coolest stars put out much, If not most, of their light in the visible spectrum. If there are Irving beings on other planets, they probably see at roughly the same frequencies as we do, though there may be occasional exceptions.

• Question 115:

  Between 1948 and 1958, 11 mKon of the 13 midion homes constructed in the United States were built In the suburbs, so that by 1960 there were as many people who lived in the suburbs as laige cities.

  A. there were as many people who lived In the suburbs as there was

  B. as many people Irving In the suburbs

  C. as the as many people lived in the suburbs as those who lived hi

  D. as many people lived in the suburbs

  E. as those in as many people lived in the suburbs as In

  Correct Answer: E

• Question 116:

  Pharmaceutical manufacturer; In our Industry, the number of patents a company manages to obtain Is a good measure of the strength of the company's research and development efforts.

  Economist: I disagree. Simply counting patents means failing to distinguish between fruitful patents, which lead to successful new products or stimulate further advances in research, or both, and sterile patents, which do neither. Which of the following, if true, could best be used by the manufacturer to defend the manufacturer's position against the economist's objection?

  A. In the pharmaceutical Industry, patents that promise to prove fruitful are not infrequently rendered obsolete by a newly registered patent.

  B. In the pharmaceutical Industry, patents that prove fruitful are, as a proportion of all patents obtained, fairly constant from company to company.

  C. The Distinction between fruitful and sterile patents is Justified by clear instances of the two types, but many patents fall somewhere in between.

  D. In the pharmaceutical Industry, patents are typically awarded not to the people chiefly responsible for producing the work leading to the patent but Instead to those people's employers.

  E. There is often a considerable time lag between the completion of the work that produced a patentable innovation and the official award of the patent.

  Correct Answer: B

• Question 117:

  The lack of rain means any microofganism-bearlng particles could persist in the atmosphere for months-- long enough, perhaps, for scores of reproduction cycles.

  A. long enough, perhaps, for scores of

  B. long lasting enough, perhaps, for several

  C. enough time for them to complete, perhaps, scores of

  D. which is sufficiently long, perhaps, for the occurrence of scores of

  E. it could be time enough for many

  Correct Answer: C

• Question 118:

  Art expert: If a painting is from the Hudson River School of the mid-nineteenth century United States, it will display a romantic reverence for landscape, portraying pastoral scenes in which humans and nature coexist peacefully. The painting that was recently discovered in the attic of the old town hall dates from the 1850s and portrays a pastoral landscape in which two couples are having a peaceful picnic. So the painting must be from the Hudson River School.

  The critic's argument is flawed in that it

  A. mistakenly treats a class of things with certain properties as the only kind of things with those properties

  B. states a generalization based on an inadequate piece of evidence

  C. fails to recognize that a particular term can have more than one meaning

  D. depends on a premise that the argument suggests is false

  E. improperly assumes that because something has a particular property, the parts of that thing will also have the property

  Correct Answer: A

• Question 119:

  Acme Software plans to release a partial version of its X software, which will be the same as the full version except that some features will be disabled and K wM cost half as much. Company executives believe marketing both products at once will substantially increase profits. They think some customers who would not have bought the full version will buy the partial version. Profits from seeing to those customers, they believe, will exceed the money lost by selling the partial version to customers who would have paid more for the full version if it were the only one avalabie.

  Which of the following would, if true, provide the strongest reason to doubt that Acme Software's plan will result in higher profits?

  A. There are fewer potential customers for the ful version of the software than there are for the partial version.

  B. To conserve shelf space, some primary retailers of X software would stock only the partial version.

  C. The amount of profit earned on each copy of the partial software sold will be less than that earned on each copy of the full version sold.

  D. Some of X software's most popular features will be disabled In the partial version.

  E. Acme Software does not plan to encourage any customer to purchase both versions.

  Correct Answer: A

• Question 120:

  Which of the following is most strongly supported by the findings of the Harms study?

  A. Right-handed people shown a seating plan tend to choose seats on the right side of the seating diagram whether it shows the front seats at the top or the bottom.

  B. The seating choices of those attending a movie, regardless of the genre, have little impact on how well the movie is understood.

  C. The seats preferred by most left-handed people attending a movie are on the opposite side of the theater from those preferred by most right-handed people.

  D. Well-made documentaries contain significantly more visuospatial content than emotional content.

  E. In theaters full to capacity and with left-right symmetry in their seating diagram, not a audience members get to sit on the side of the theater they most favor.

  Correct Answer: E

  Despite overall physiological bilateral symmetry, many species exhibit lateralized biases, i.e., preferences for right- or left-oriented behavior. When approaching prey, for example, some predator species favor their right eye; some prey species respond more quickly when their left eye detects a predator. Similar behavioral asymmetries occur in humans. Most notable is right- and lefthandedness; less notable is the tendency to turn right when entering a room. Paul Farnsworth found that more successful students tended to choose seats near the front, a little to the right. He arqued that external factors such as teacher location might have affected this lateral bias. But it is now known that processing differences between the two brain hemispheres can also contribute to behavioral asymmetries. George Karev found that when presented with a movie theater seating diagram, right-handed people were more likely than left-handed people to choose a seat on the right, facing front. But he hypothesized that, since the right hemisphere processes visuospatial and emotional information, the people who chose right- side seats did so because that would put the screen in their left visual field, optimizing information flow to the right hemisphere. Although the right hemisphere is thought to be dominant in processing emotion, some evidence suggests that the left hemisphere plays a role. The valence model proposes that the left and right hemispheres process positive and negative emotion respectively, while the approach-withdrawal model posits that the left hemisphere processes emotion expressed in approach behavior and the right hemisphere processes emotion expressed in withdrawal behavior. Victoria Harms and colleagues suggested that since a paper seating plan was used in the theater-seating studies by Karev and others, the exhibited preference might be due simply to handedness: people choose the same side of the paper as their favored hand. Consequently, the Harms research was designed to study choices in an actual movie theater. Also, hoping to distinguish between various explanations, they studied seating choices for comedies (presumed to contain positive emotional content), dramas (presumed to contain negative emotional content), and documentaries (presumed to have balanced emotional content). They found significant--though not universal-- preference for seats on the right, facing front, regardless of movie genre and of handedness.