During the DHCP interaction process, the DHCP server and client exchange various types of packets. Which of the following packets is not sent from the client to the server?
A. DHCP NAK
B. DHCP Request
C. DHCP Discover
D. DHCP Release
MPLS VPN is used to solve some limitations of traditional VPN technology. Which are the major limitation that MPLS VPN solves?
A. Private routes cannot communicate with each other.
B. Leased lines are expensive.
C. Bandwidth resources cannot be fully used.
D. The address space is overlapping.
A VPN instance is also called a VPN routing and forwarding (VRF) table. Which of the following statements is false?
A. VPN instances on a PE are independent of each other.
B. Each VPN instance can be regarded as a virtual router, which maintains an independent address space and has one or more interfaces connected to the VPN.
C. A PE maintains multiple routing and forwarding tables, including a public routing and forwarding table and one or more VRFs.
D. A VPN instance can be bound to multiple sites. Multiple sites can be bound to one VPN instance.
On a carrier's MPLS VPN network, PE1 and PE2 transmit data packets between VPNs. After PE1 receives VPN route 172.16.1.0/24 from a client, it converts the route into a VPNv4 route and distributes label 1027 to the packet. After the packet arrives at PE2, PE2 distributes label 1025 to the packet. When a client on PE2 accesses this route, what are the outer and inner labels in the packet transmitted over the carrier network?
A. Outer label: 1027; inner label: 1025
B. Outer label: 1025; inner label: 1025
C. Outer label: 1027; inner label: 1027
D. Outer label: 1025; inner label: 1027
Which of the following statements regarding forwarding equivalence class (FEC) in MPLS are false? (Multiple Choice)
A. Packets with the same FEC are processed differently on a MPLS network.
B. FECs can be divided flexibly by source IP address, destination IP address, source port, destination port, protocol type, VPN, or any combinations of them.
C. MPLS classifies packets with the same forwarding processing mode into one FEC.
D. One FEC has only one unique label marker.
In MSTP, each MSTI calculates an independent spanning tree by using the RSTP algorithm.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
MPLS supports forwarding equivalence class (FEC). Which of the following cannot be used as a FEC allocation standard?
A. Fragment offset
B. Destination address
C. Application protocol
D. Class of Service (CoS)
On the network running STP, when the network topology changes, multiple topology change notifications are sent. How many types of RSTP TC BPDUs are defined?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
What happens when the topology of a network running RSTP changes?
A. Packets are flooded on the entire network.
B. The aging time of MAC address entries is changed.
C. Some MAC address entries are deleted.
D. The entire MAC address table is deleted.
RSTP is different from STP regarding defining port states. Which port states does RSTP define?
A. Discarding
B. Learning
C. Forwarding
D. Discarding, Learning, and Forwarding
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