Dietician: "The French Paradox" refers to the unusual concurrence in the population of France of a low incidence of heart disease and a diet high in fat. The most likely explanation is that the French consume a high quantity of red wine, which mitigates the ill effects of the fat they eat. So North Americans, with nearly the highest rate of heart disease in the world, should take a cue from the French: if you want to be healthier without cutting fat intake, drink more red wine.
Which one of the following statements, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the dietician's argument?
A. French men consume as much red wine as French women do, yet French men have a higher rate of heart disease than do French women.
B. A greater intake of red wine among North Americans would likely lead to a higher incidence of liver problems and other illnesses.
C. Not all French people have a diet that includes large amounts of fat and a high quantity of red wine.
D. All evidence suggests that the healthiest way to decrease the chance of heart disease is to exercise and keep a diet low in fat.
E. Many other regions have much lower rates of heart disease than France, though their populations consume even less red wine than do North Americans.
If relativity theory is correct, no object can travel forward in time at a speed greater than the speed of light. Yet quantum mechanics predicts that the tachyon, a hypothetical subatomic particle, travels faster than light. Thus, if relativity theory is correct, either quantum mechanics' prediction about tachyons is erroneous or tachyons travel backward in time.
The pattern of reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most similar to that in the argument above
A. According to a magazine article, the view that present-day English is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language is incorrect. Rather, English more likely descended from a Finno-Ugric language, judging from the similarities between English and other languages of Finno-Ugric descent.
B. If the defendant committed the crime, then either the defendant had a motive or the defendant is irrational, for only irrational persons act with no motive. If the psychologist is correct, then the defendant is not rational; on the other hand, according to the evidence, the defendant had a strong motive. Thus, since there is no reason to disbelieve the evidence, the defendant is guilty.
C. The human brain can survive without oxygen only for a few minutes, according to modern medicine. Surprisingly, a reliable witness reported that a shaman has survived for an entire week buried five feet underground. Thus, if modern medicine is not wrong, either the witness is mistaken or the shaman's brain did not suffer any lack of oxygen.
D. Alexander the Great was buried either in Alexandria or in Siwa, Egypt. However, the burial place is more likely to be Siwa. A limestone table engraved by Ptolemy, Alexander's lieutenant, was found in Siwa, attesting to Alexander's burial place.
E. If the big bang theory is correct, the universe is currently expanding: the galaxies are moving away from each other and from the center of an original explosion. The same theory also predicts that, eventually, the gravitational forces among galaxies will counterbalance the galaxies' kinetic energy. It follows that, at some point, the universe will stop expanding.
Some government economists view their home countries as immune to outside influence. But economies are always open systems; international trade significantly affects prices and wages. Just as physicists learned the shortcomings of a mechanics based on idealizations such as the postulation of perfectly frictionless bodies, government economists must look beyond national borders if their nations' economies are to prosper.
The argument's conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
A. A national economy cannot prosper unless every significant influence on it has been examined by that nation's government economists.
B. Economics is weakly analogous to the physical sciences.
C. Economic theories relying on idealizations are generally less accurate than economic theories that do not rely on idealizations.
D. International trade is the primary significant variable influencing prices and wages.
E. Some government economists have been ignoring the effects of international trade on prices and wages.
Galanin is a protein found in the brain. In an experiment, rats that consistently chose to eat fatty foods when offered a choice between lean and fatty foods were found to have significantly higher concentrations of galanin in their brains than did rats that consistently chose lean over fatty foods. These facts strongly support the conclusion that galanin causes rats to crave fatty foods.
Which one of the following, if true, most supports the argument?
A. The craving for fatty foods does not invariably result in a rat's choosing those foods over lean foods.
B. The brains of the rats that consistently chose to eat fatty foods did not contain significantly more fat than did the brains of rats that consistently chose lean foods.
C. The chemical components of galanin are present in both fatty foods and lean foods.
D. The rats that preferred fatty foods had the higher concentrations of galanin in their brains before they were offered fatty foods.
E. Rats that metabolize fat less efficiently than do other rats develop high concentrations of galanin in their brains.
Raphaela: Forcing people to help others is morally wrong. Therefore, no government has the right to redistribute resources via taxation. Anyone who wants can help others voluntarily. Edward: Governments do have that right, insofar as they give people the freedom to leave and hence not to live under their authority.
Raphaela and Edward disagree about the truth of which one of the following?
A. Any government that does not permit emigration would be morally wrong to redistribute resources via taxation.
B. Any government that permits emigration has the right to redistribute resources via taxation.
C. Every government should allow people to help others voluntarily.
D. Any government that redistributes resources via taxation forces people to help others.
E. Any government that forces people to help others should permit emigration.
Studies have shown that photosynthesis, the process by which plants manufacture life-sustaining proteins from sunlight and carbon, is actually intensified if the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increased. Since carbon dioxide levels are increased by the burning of fossil fuels and by other human industrial activities, it is obvious that these industrial activities are purely beneficial to agriculture and those of us who depend upon it.
The flawed reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following?
A. Because a high fiber diet has been shown to be more healthful than a low fiber diet, a diet in which foods with a low fiber content have been entirely replaced by foods with a high fiber content is bound to be even more healthful.
B. Because exercise has been shown to prevent a number of diseases, injuries, and other human ills, clearly no harm, and a lot of good, can come from exercise.
C. Consistently consuming more calories than one expends inevitably leads to excessive weight gain, so if one wishes to avoid the health problems associated with this condition, one ought to fast periodically.
D. It has been shown that one can obtain more vitamins and minerals from fresh fruits and vegetables than from processed fruits and vegetables. One ought, therefore, to completely abandon consumption of the latter in favor of the former.
E. Excessive use of penicillin tends to increase one's susceptibility to penicillin-resistant infections. The best policy, therefore, is to avoid using penicillin, thereby strengthening the body's innate ability to resist disease.
In a business whose owners and employees all belong to one family, the employees can be paid exceptionally low wages. Hence, general operating expenses are much lower than they would be for other business ventures, making profits higher. So a family business is a family's surest road to financial prosperity.
The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument
A. ignores the fact that businesses that achieve high levels of customer satisfaction are often profitable even if they pay high wages
B. presumes, without providing justification, that businesses that pay the lowest wages have the lowest general operating expenses and thus the highest profits
C. ignores the fact that in a family business, paying family members low wages may itself reduce the family's prosperity
D. presumes, without providing justification, that family members are willing to work for low wages in a family business because they believe that doing so promotes the family's prosperity
E. presumes, without providing justification, that only businesses with low general operating expenses can succeed
Curator: Since ancient times, the fine arts were developed and sustained with the aid of large subsidies from the aristocracies and religious institutions that were the public sectors of their day; it is doubtful that the arts would have survived without these subsidies. Clearly, contemporary societies should fulfill their obligation as stewards of cultural heritage without the assistance of aristocracies or religious institutions, so governments must help finance the maintenance,1 advancement, and enrichment of the fine arts today.
The curator's argument depends on assuming which one of the following?
A. The fine arts would be more highly developed now if they had been given greater governmental subsidies in the past.
B. If contemporary governments help to maintain and enrich the fine arts, private support for the arts will
become unnecessary.
C. In contemporary societies, aristocracies and religious institutions are not willing to help finance the fine arts.
D. Serving as stewards of cultural heritage requires that contemporary societies help to maintain the fine arts.
E. Maintenance, advancement, and enrichment of the fine arts in any era require governmental subsidies.
Scientists hoping to understand and eventually reverse damage to the fragile ozone layer in the Earth's upper atmosphere used a spacecraft to conduct crucial experiments. These experiments drew criticism from a group of environmentalists who observed that a single trip by the spacecraft did as much harm to the ozone layer as a year's pollution by the average factory, and that since the latter was unjustifiable so must be the former.
The reasoning in the environmentalists' criticism is questionable because it
A. treats as similar two cases that are different in a critical respect
B. justifies a generalization on the basis of a single instance
C. fails to distinguish the goal of reversing harmful effects from the goal of preventing those harmful effects
D. attempts to compare two quantities that are not comparable in any way
E. presupposes that experiments always do harm to their subjects
Many people think that the only way to remedy the problem of crime is by increasing the number of police officers, but recent statistics show that many major cities had similar ratios of police officers to citizens, yet diverged widely in their crime rates.
The statistics cited function in the argument to
A. establish that the number of police officers does not need to be increased B. illustrate the need for increasing the number of police officers in major cities
C. prove that there are factors other than the number of police officers that are more important in reducing the crime rate
D. demonstrate that there is no relation between the number of police officers and the crime rate
E. suggest that the number of police officers is not the only influence on the crime rate
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