Some biologists believe that the capacity for flight first developed in marine reptiles, claiming that feathers are clearly developed from scales. Other biologists rightly reject this suggestion, pointing out that bats have no scales and that nonmarine reptiles also have scales. Those who believe that flight first developed in tree-dwelling reptiles reject the claim that the limbs of land-dwelling reptiles might have developed into wings. They insist that it is more likely that tree- dwelling reptiles developed wings to assist their leaps from branch to branch. Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the passage by the claim that nonmarine reptiles have scales?
A. It is cited as evidence against the claim that the capacity for flight first developed in marine reptiles.
B. It is cited as evidence against the claim that the capacity for flight first developed in land-dwelling animals.
C. It is cited as evidence against the claim that the capacity for flight first developed in tree-dwelling reptiles.
D. It weakens the claim that tree-dwelling reptiles were the first kind of reptile to develop the capacity for flight.
E. It corroborates the observation that some mammals without scales, such as bats, developed the capacity to fly.
Several thousand years ago, people in what is now North America began to grow corn, which grows faster and produces more food per unit of land than do the grains these people had grown previously. Corn is less nutritious than those other grains, however, and soon after these people established corn as their staple grain crop, they began having nutrition-related health problems. Yet the people continued to grow corn as their staple grain, although they could have returned to growing the more nutritious grains.
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain why the people mentioned continued to grow corn as their staple grain crop?
A. The variety of corn that the people relied on as their staple grain produced more food than did the ancestors of that variety.
B. Modern varieties of corn are more nutritious than were the varieties grown by people in North America several thousand years ago.
C. The people did not domesticate large animals for meat or milk, either of which could supply nutrients not provided by corn.
D. Some of the grain crops that could have been planted instead of corn required less fertile soil in order to flourish than corn required.
E. The people discovered some years after adopting corn as their staple grain that a diet that supplemented corn with certain readily available non grain foods significantly improved their health.
If something would have been justifiably regretted if it had occurred, then it is something that one should not have desired in the first place. It follows that many forgone pleasures should not have been desired in the first place.
The conclusion above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
A. One should never regret one's pleasures.
B. Forgone pleasures that were not desired would not have been justifiably regretted.
C. Everything that one desires and then regrets not having is a forgone pleasure.
D. Many forgone pleasures would have been justifiably regretted.
E. Nothing that one should not have desired in the first place fails to be a pleasure.
As part of a survey, approximately 10,000 randomly selected individuals were telephoned and asked a number of questions about their income and savings. Those conducting the survey observed that the older the person being queried, the more likely it was that he or she would refuse to answer any of the questions. This finding clearly demonstrates that, in general, people are more willing when they are younger than when they are older to reveal personal financial information to strangers over the telephone.
The argument above is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument
A. offers no evidence that the individuals queried would have responded differently had they been asked the same questions in years prior to the survey
B. fails to specify the exact number of people who were telephoned as part of the survey
C. assumes without warrant that age is the main determinant of personal income and savings levels
D. assumes from the outset what it purports to establish on the basis of a body of statistical evidence
E. provides no reason to believe that what is true of a given age group in general is also true of all individuals within that age group
For all species of higher animals, reproduction requires the production of eggs but not necessarily the production of sperm. There are some species whose members are all female; the eggs produced by a rare female-only species of salamander hatch without fertilization. This has the drawback that all offspring have genetic codes nearly identical to that of the single parent, making the species less adaptive than species containing both male and female members.
If the statements above are true, each of the following could be true EXCEPT:
A. There are some species of salamanders that have both male and female members.
B. There are some species of higher animals none of whose members produce eggs.
C. There is a significant number of female-only species of higher animals.
D. Some species of higher animals containing both female and male members are not very adaptive.
E. Some offspring of species of higher animals containing both female and male members have genetic codes more similar to one parent than to the other parent.
Social critic: The whole debate over the legal right of rock singers to utter violent lyrics misses the point. Legally, there is very little that may not be said. But not everything that may legally be said, ought to be said. Granted, violence predates the rise in popularity of such music. Yet words also have the power to change the way we see and the way we act.
Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the passage?
A. If rock music that contains violent lyrics is morally wrong, then it should be illegal.
B. The law should be changed so that the government is mandated to censor rock music that contains violent lyrics.
C. Violent rock song lyrics do not incite violence; they merely reflect the violence in society.
D. If rock musicians voluntarily censor their violent lyrics; this may help to reduce violence in society.
E. Stopping the production of rock music that contains violent lyrics would eliminate much of the violence within society.
It is proposed to allow the sale, without prescription, of a medication that physicians currently prescribe to treat the common ear inflammation called "swimmer's ear." The principal objection is that most people lack the expertise for proper self- diagnosis and might not seek medical help for more serious conditions in the mistaken belief that they have swimmer's ear. Yet in a recent study, of 1,000 people who suspected that they had swimmer's ear, 84 percent had made a correct diagnosis --- a slightly better accuracy rate than physicians have in diagnosing swimmer's ear. Thus, clearly, most people can diagnose swimmer's ear in themselves without ever having to consult a physician.
Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion?
A. Cases in which swimmer's ear progresses to more serious infections are very rare.
B. Most of those who suspected incorrectly that they had swimmer's ear also believed that they had other ailments that in fact they did not have.
C. Most of the people who diagnosed themselves correctly had been treated by a physician for a prior occurrence of swimmer's ear.
D. Physicians who specialize in ear diseases are generally able to provide more accurate diagnoses than those provided by general practitioners.
E. For many people who develop swimmer's ear, the condition disappears without medical or pharmaceutical intervention.
Television executives recently announced that advertising time on television will cost 10 to 15 percent more next fall than it cost last fall. The executives argued that in spite of this increase, advertisers will continue to profit from television advertising, and so advertising time will be no harder to sell next fall than it was last fall.
Which one of the following, if true, would most support the television executives' argument?
A. Most costs of production and distribution of products typically advertised on television are expected to rise 3 to 7 percent in the next year.
B. The system for rating the size of the audience watching any given television advertisement will change next fall.
C. Next fall advertising time on television will no longer be available in blocks smaller than 30 seconds.
D. The amount of television advertising time purchased by providers of services is increasing, while the amount of such time purchased by providers of products is decreasing.
E. A recent survey has shown that the average number of hours people spend watching television is increasing at the rate of 2 percent every two months.
Doctor: The practice of using this therapy to treat the illness cannot be adequately supported by the claim that any therapy for treating the illness is more effective than no therapy at all. What must also be taken into account is that this therapy is expensive and complicated.
Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the doctor's argument?
A. The therapy is more effective than no treatment at all for the illness.
B. The therapy is more effective than other forms of treatment for the illness.
C. The therapy is more expensive and complicated than other forms of treatment for the illness.
D. The therapy should not be used to treat the illness unless it is either effective or inexpensive.
E. The therapy's possible effectiveness in treating the illness is not sufficient justification for using it.
Announcement for a television program: Are female physicians more sensitive than male physicians to the needs of women patients? To get the answer, we'll ask physicians of both sexes this question. Tune in tomorrow.
Which one of the following, if true, identifies a flaw in the plan for the program?
A. Physicians are in general unwilling to describe the treatment style of other physicians.
B. There still are fewer women than men who are physicians, so a patient might not have the opportunity to choose a woman as a physician.
C. Those who are best able to provide answers to the question are patients, rather than physicians.
D. Since medical research is often performed on men, not all results are fully applicable to women as patients.
E. Women as patients are now beginning to take more active role in managing their care and making sure that they understand the medical alternatives.
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