A shipment of produce is identified as having a higher than allowable level of pesticide. Which of the following regulatory agencies retains the authority to remove the produce from the market?
A. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
B. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
C. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
D. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
E. World Health Organization (WHO)
Correct Answer: A
In the United States, the organization of food and water control is complex. Among the federal control agencies, the EPA is the most recent, and in many ways the most active and powerful. This agency has now set up an elaborate system of regulation and control of the use of pesticides (which until 1970 was the responsibility of the USDA) and has banned the marketing of chlorphenothane (DDT) for use in the home. The FDA has authority to remove food from the market if it contains pesticides (e.g., PCBs in fish) in excess of the action levels set by the EPA. The FDA also retains the authority to remove from the market any food with inappropriate additives, that contains substances harmful to human health, that is stored in unsanitary conditions, that has decomposed, or that is not fit for consumption.
The USDAenforces wholesomeness standards that it sets for the production and sale of meat.
International control is assisted by the WHO. This agency has mounted control programs for the eradication of communicable disease with conspicuous success in the case of smallpox. It also publishes the International Statistical Classification of Disease (ICD-9).
Question 362:
Which regulatory agency has the authority to control the use of pesticides in the United States?
A. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
B. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
C. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
D. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
E. World Health Organization (WHO)
Correct Answer: C
In the United States, the organization of food and water control is complex. Among the federal control agencies, the EPA is the most recent, and in many ways the most active and powerful. This agency has now set up an elaborate system of regulation and control of the use of pesticides (which until 1970 was the responsibility of the USDA) and has banned the marketing of chlorphenothane (DDT) for use in the home. The FDA has authority to remove food from the market if it contains pesticides (e.g., PCBs in fish) in excess of the action levels set by the EPA. The FDA also retains the authority to remove from the market any food with inappropriate additives, that contains substances harmful to human health, that is stored in unsanitary conditions, that has decomposed, or that is not fit for consumption.
The USDAenforces wholesomeness standards that it sets for the production and sale of meat. International control is assisted by the WHO. This agency has mounted control programs for the eradication of communicable disease with conspicuous success in the case of smallpox. It also publishes the International Statistical Classification of Disease (ICD-9).
Question 363:
For each of the diseases listed, select the arthropod vector responsible for its transmission.
Yellow fever
A. aegypti
B. Anopheles species
C. Pediculus humanus corporis
D. Dermacentor andersoni
E. Sarcoptes scabiei
Correct Answer: A
Epidemic typhus (classical typhus fever, or louse-borne typhus) has disappeared from most areas of the world but might reappear in conditions of famine, war, or other disasters. There are small areas where it is endemic. The responsible organism, a rickettsia, is conveyed from case to case by the human body louse,
P. humanus corporis. Malaria, in its various forms (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae), is spread from human to human by females of the various Anopheles group of mosquitoes. Dengue fever has a worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas. In addition to producing the classical fever with severe myalgia (breakbone fever), it can also cause a hemorrhagic fever. The causative agent, a group B arbovirus with four distinct serogroups, is virus-conveyed from case to case by the A aegypti mosquito. Colorado tick fever occurs mainly in mountainous areas of the United States within the range of its vector, D. andersoni. The highest incidence is in May and June. Several hundred cases are recorded annually, but it is likely that the actual incidence is much higher. Avoidance of tick bites is the principal control measure. Yellow fever, the prototypical viral hemorrhagic fever, is African in origin but has spread to and remains endemic in equatorial regions of Central and South America. The vector, A. aegypti, has also spread worldwide, but surprisingly, cases have not been reported in India and Southeast Asia. The illness varies in severity from a mild, nonspecific fever to a more severe condition with hemorrhagic, hepatic, and renal manifestations.
Question 364:
For each of the diseases listed, select the arthropod vector responsible for its transmission.
Colorado tick fever
A. aegypti
B. Anopheles species
C. Pediculus humanus corporis
D. Dermacentor andersoni
E. Sarcoptes scabiei
Correct Answer: D
Epidemic typhus (classical typhus fever, or louse-borne typhus) has disappeared from most areas of the world but might reappear in conditions of famine, war, or other disasters. There are small areas where it is endemic. The responsible organism, a rickettsia, is conveyed from case to case by the human body louse,
P. humanus corporis. Malaria, in its various forms (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae), is spread from human to human by females of the various Anopheles group of mosquitoes. Dengue fever has a worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas. In addition to producing the classical fever with severe myalgia (breakbone fever), it can also cause a hemorrhagic fever. The causative agent, a group B arbovirus with four distinct serogroups, is virus-conveyed from case to case by the A aegypti mosquito. Colorado tick fever occurs mainly in mountainous areas of the United States within the range of its vector, D. andersoni. The highest incidence is in May and June. Several hundred cases are recorded annually, but it is likely that the actual incidence is much higher. Avoidance of tick bites is the principal control measure. Yellow fever, the prototypical viral hemorrhagic fever, is African in origin but has spread to and remains endemic in equatorial regions of Central and South America. The vector, A. aegypti, has also spread worldwide, but surprisingly, cases have not been reported in India and Southeast Asia. The illness varies in severity from a mild, nonspecific fever to a more severe condition with hemorrhagic, hepatic, and renal manifestations.
Question 365:
For each of the diseases listed, select the arthropod vector responsible for its transmission.
Dengue fever
A. aegypti
B. Anopheles species
C. Pediculus humanus corporis
D. Dermacentor andersoni
E. Sarcoptes scabiei
Correct Answer: A
Epidemic typhus (classical typhus fever, or louse-borne typhus) has disappeared from most areas of the world but might reappear in conditions of famine, war, or other disasters. There are small areas where it is endemic. The responsible organism, a rickettsia, is conveyed from case to case by the human body louse,
P. humanus corporis. Malaria, in its various forms (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae), is spread from human to human by females of the various Anopheles group of mosquitoes. Dengue fever has a worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas. In addition to producing the classical fever with severe myalgia (breakbone fever), it can also cause a hemorrhagic fever. The causative agent, a group B arbovirus with four distinct serogroups, is virus-conveyed from case to case by the A aegypti mosquito. Colorado tick fever occurs mainly in mountainous areas of the United States within the range of its vector, D. andersoni. The highest incidence is in May and June. Several hundred cases are recorded annually, but it is likely that the actual incidence is much higher. Avoidance of tick bites is the principal control measure. Yellow fever, the prototypical viral hemorrhagic fever, is African in origin but has spread to and remains endemic in equatorial regions of Central and South America. The vector, A. aegypti, has also spread worldwide, but surprisingly, cases have not been reported in India and Southeast Asia. The illness varies in severity from a mild, nonspecific fever to a more severe condition with hemorrhagic, hepatic, and renal manifestations.
Question 366:
For each of the diseases listed, select the arthropod vector responsible for its transmission. Malaria
A. aegypti
B. Anopheles species
C. Pediculus humanus corporis
D. Dermacentor andersoni
E. Sarcoptes scabiei
Correct Answer: B
Epidemic typhus (classical typhus fever, or louse-borne typhus) has disappeared from most areas of the world but might reappear in conditions of famine, war, or other disasters. There are small areas where it is endemic. The responsible organism, a rickettsia, is conveyed from case to case by the human body louse,
P. humanus corporis. Malaria, in its various forms (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae), is spread from human to human by females of the various Anopheles group of mosquitoes. Dengue fever has a worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas. In addition to producing the classical fever with severe myalgia (breakbone fever), it can also cause a hemorrhagic fever. The causative agent, a group B arbovirus with four distinct serogroups, is virus-conveyed from case to case by the A aegypti mosquito. Colorado tick fever occurs mainly in mountainous areas of the United States within the range of its vector, D. andersoni. The highest incidence is in May and June. Several hundred cases are recorded annually, but it is likely that the actual incidence is much higher. Avoidance of tick bites is the principal control measure. Yellow fever, the prototypical viral hemorrhagic fever, is African in origin but has spread to and remains endemic in equatorial regions of Central and South America. The vector, A. aegypti, has also spread worldwide, but surprisingly, cases have not been reported in India and Southeast Asia. The illness varies in severity from a mild, nonspecific fever to a more severe condition with hemorrhagic, hepatic, and renal manifestations.
Question 367:
For each of the diseases listed, select the arthropod vector responsible for its transmission.
Epidemic typhus
A. aegypti
B. Anopheles species
C. Pediculus humanus corporis
D. Dermacentor andersoni
E. Sarcoptes scabiei
Correct Answer: C
Epidemic typhus (classical typhus fever, or louse-borne typhus) has disappeared from most areas of the world but might reappear in conditions of famine, war, or other disasters. There are small areas where it is endemic. The responsible organism, a rickettsia, is conveyed from case to case by the human body louse,
P. humanus corporis. Malaria, in its various forms (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae), is spread from human to human by females of the various Anopheles group of mosquitoes. Dengue fever has a worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas. In addition to producing the classical fever with severe myalgia (breakbone fever), it can also cause a hemorrhagic fever. The causative agent, a group B arbovirus with four distinct serogroups, is virus-conveyed from case to case by the A aegypti mosquito. Colorado tick fever occurs mainly in mountainous areas of the United States within the range of its vector, D. andersoni. The highest incidence is in May and June. Several hundred cases are recorded annually, but it is likely that the actual incidence is much higher. Avoidance of tick bites is the principal control measure. Yellow fever, the prototypical viral hemorrhagic fever, is African in origin but has spread to and remains endemic in equatorial regions of Central and South America. The vector, A. aegypti, has also spread worldwide, but surprisingly, cases have not been reported in India and Southeast Asia. The illness varies in severity from a mild, nonspecific fever to a more severe condition with hemorrhagic, hepatic, and renal manifestations.
Question 368:
The following questions identify health care planning methods used by various organizations. The answer options are strategies that may correspond to these methods. Select the strategy that best corresponds to each health care planning method.
A maternal and child health care system employs program-based planning to address its goals.
A. identifying what the market for services are and estimating future demands
B. identifying mechanisms for carrying out established goals within specific program areas
C. identifying financial resources to meet community needs
D. identifying barriers to growth and the resources needed to overcome them
Correct Answer: D
Program planning concerns itself with neither the fiscal need for a particular service nor its marketability. By definition, "the program" (e.g., maternal and child health care) will be developed and provided as directed by the state or local government. The planning is directed to carry out program goals for a targeted (select) population (pregnant women and their infants). This type of planning is necessary to implement government or private foundation-sponsored programs.
Question 369:
The following questions identify health care planning methods used by various organizations. The answer options are strategies that may correspond to these methods. Select the strategy that best corresponds to each health care planning method.
A Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) employs institutional planning to identify its goals and objectives.
A. identifying what the market for services are and estimating future demands
B. identifying mechanisms for carrying out established goals within specific program areas
C. identifying financial resources to meet community needs
D. identifying barriers to growth and the resources needed to overcome them
Correct Answer: B
A distinction is frequently made between what the patient wants (which would be used if available and money was no object), needs (services determined by professionals to be appropriate), and demands (services that are actually used in the current market situation). Planning for an HMO is based on that segment of the population or "market" for which the HMO is responsible. The population may or may not live in contiguous areas. The planning is designed to identify goals and objectives in institutional terms: What is the market for the services the organization provides, and what is the estimate of future demands? The population need (as opposed to the population demand) is rarely a concern of institutional planners.
Question 370:
The following questions identify health care planning methods used by various organizations. The answer
options are strategies that may correspond to these methods. Select the strategy that best corresponds to
each health care planning method.
A local health department employs population based planning in meeting the needs of its community.
A. identifying what the market for services are and estimating future demands
B. identifying mechanisms for carrying out established goals within specific program areas
C. identifying financial resources to meet community needs
D. identifying barriers to growth and the resources needed to overcome them
Correct Answer: A
Local health departments make plans for the entire population in the jurisdiction for which they have responsibility, whether it is a single county, city, or multicounty health department. Their planning is population based. This involves estimating health requirements, matching them with existing resources, and outlining a health strategy based on the deficit or surplus demonstrated.
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