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• Question 191:

  Paleontologist: Dinosaurs belonged to two major taxonomic groups, the Saurischia and the Orlnithischia. Scientists have long known that the branch of the Saurischia from which birds are descended had primitive feathers. However, a recently discovered fossil of a previously unknown Orinithischia species also has feather-like structures. Thus, dinosaurs must have evolved feathers early in their history, before the Saurischia and Orinithischia diverged.

  Which of the following is an assumption the paleontologist's argument requires?

  A. It is not likely that Orinithischia evolved feathers independently of Saurischia.

  B. Most species of both the Orinithischia and the Saurischia had primitive feathers.

  C. At least one dinosaur fossil dating from the era before the Saurischia and Orinithischia diverged shows evidence of feather-Ike structures.

  D. Scientists had not previously discovered any fossils from Orinithischia species that had primitive feathers.

  E. At least some bird species are descended from the previously unknown dinosaur species of the recently discovered fossil.

  Correct Answer: D

• Question 192:

  The ensuing argument among the pundKs rs no likelier to end in a declared winnef than a long debate about Karl Marx's political philosophy against Ayn Rand's would be.

  A. a long debate about Karl Marx's political philosophy against Ayn Rand's would be

  B. would a long debate, pitting Karl Marx and Ayn Rand's political philosophy against one another

  C. in a long debate about Karl Marx's political philosophy against Ayn Rand's

  D. that of a long debate about the political philosophy of Karl Marx against Ayn Rand's

  E. a long debate pitting Karl Marx's political philosophy against Ayn Rand's would be

  Correct Answer: A

• Question 193:

  Civil disobedience fan make a political point by refusing to copy restrictive regulations, answer a summons or In not cooperating with authorities such as the police.

  A. Civil disobedience can make a political point by refusing to obey restrictive regulations, answer a summons, or

  B. In A political point can be made through civil disobedience by people by refusing to obey restrictive regulations, to answer a summons, or

  C. People can make a political point through civil disobedience by refusing to obey restrictive regulations or answering a summons or by

  D. Civil disobedience can make a political point when people refuse to obey restrictive regulations, answer a summons, or In not

  E. People can make a political point through civil disobedience by refusing to obey restrictive regulations or answer a summons or by

  Correct Answer: C

• Question 194:

  The hotel industry now offers a great many gradations of service, giving rise to odd concepts such as "luxury budget." and innkeepers must struggle constantly to find a corner of the market and then to compete at the appropriate level of service.

  A. giving rise to odd concepts such as luxury budget/ and innkeepers must

  B. so that it gives rise to odd concepts such as "luxury budget" and innkeepers having to

  C. to giving rise to odd concepts such as "luxury budget," with innkeepers having to

  D. giving rise to odd concepts such as "luxury budget," with innkeepers who must

  E. giving rise to odd concepts, such as "luxury budget" and innkeepers who are having to

  Correct Answer: A

• Question 195:

  Which of the following statements concerning the valence model and the approach- withdrawal model most accurately reflects information provided in the passage?

  A. Each of the two models implicates both hemispheres of the human brain in the processing of emotion.

  B. Both models suggest that cognitive information is processed by only one brain hemisphere in humans.

  C. Each of the two models explains how emotional information affects the processing of cognitive information in the human brain.

  D. Both models seek primarily to describe how emotion is expressed in behavior.

  E. The assumptions of both models concerning the processing of visuospatial information are identical with those made by Karev.

  Correct Answer: A

  Despite overall physiological bilateral symmetry, many species exhibit lateralized biases, i.e., preferences for right- or left-oriented behavior. When approaching prey, for example, some predator species favor their right eye; some prey species respond more quickly when their left eye detects a predator. Similar behavioral asymmetries occur in humans. Most notable is right- and lefthandedness; less notable is the tendency to turn right when entering a room. Paul Farnsworth found that more successful students tended to choose seats near the front, a little to the right. He argued that external factors such as teacher location might have affected this lateral bias. But it is now known that processing differences between the two brain hemispheres can also contribute to behavioral asymmetries. George Karev found that when presented with a movie theater seating diagram, right-handed people were more likely than left-handed people to choose a seat on the right, facing front. But he hypothesized that, since the right hemisphere processes visuospatial and emotional information, the people who chose right- side seats did so because that would put the screen in their left visual field, optimizing information flow to the right hemisphere. Although the right hemisphere is thought to be dominant in processing emotion, some evidence suggests that the left hemisphere plays a role. The valence model proposes that the left and right hemispheres process positive and negative emotion respectively, while the approach-withdrawal model posits that the left hemisphere processes emotion expressed in approach behavior and the right hemisphere processes emotion expressed in withdrawal behavior. Victoria Harms and colleagues suggested that since a paper seating plan was used in the theater-seating studies by Karev and others, the exhibited preference might be due simply to handedness: people choose the same side of the paper as their favored hand. Consequently, the Harms research was designed to study choices in an actual movie theater. Also, hoping to distinguish between various explanations, they studied seating choices for comedies (presumed to contain Positive emotional content), dramas (presumed to contain negative emotional content), and documentaries (presumed to have balanced emotional content).

• Question 196:

  

  A. 5.79

  B. 6.57

  C. 7.57

  D. 8.14

  E. 12.28

  Correct Answer: B

• Question 197:

  The real estate company pleaded guilty in a district court in failing to report all of the profits from the sale of land for the new shopping mall.

  A. in failing to report

  B. for the charge of its failure to report

  C. for its failure in reporting

  D. to its failure in reporting

  E. to the charge of failing to report

  Correct Answer: D

• Question 198:

  Protectionist trade restrictions harm large segments of society for the benefit of a smaller segment. For example, every time the steel industry asks for tariffs on steel Imports from foreign countries, someone correctly points out that if that wish were granted, it would harm the United States auto industry and other steel users, not to mention consumers. Protectionist trade restrictions serve particular interests and only rarely also the general welfare. But the U.S. Constitution requires the government to serve the general welfare. It follows that__________.

  Which of the following best completes the passage?

  A. trade restrictions of any kind are unconstitutional

  B. most U.S. domestic industries are probably helped, not hindered, by foreign competition

  C. protectionist trade restrictions are usually incompatible with the U.S. Constitution

  D. government measures that serve the general interest are generally compatible with the U.S. Constitution

  E. the general welfare requires protectionist trade restrictions

  Correct Answer: C

• Question 199:

  When fish or mammals ingest the chemical rotenone, enzymes In (he digestive tract metabolize most of it, rendering It harmless, but If enough rotenone enters the bloodstream, It can kill them. Wildlife managers who use rotenone in rivers or lakes to reduce fish populations claim that the practice is harmless to aquatic mammals, but clearly if enough rotenone is used to kill fish, mammals must be at risk too.

  Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

  A. Rotenone can enter a fish's bloodstream directly through the gills.

  B. If populations of some fish species are allowed to grow unchecked, they can have disruptive ecological effects that ultimately harm wild mammal populations.

  C. When rotenone is introduced into a fast-flowing river, it can travel a considerable distance downstream before breaking down.

  D. For most aquatic mammals, fish constitute a substantial portion of their diet.

  E. Chemicals that In the past have been used to reduce fish populations have considerably higher toxicity to aquatic mammals than rotenone does.

  Correct Answer: C

• Question 200:

  Daniel: Historically, railroads substantially altered the course of the United States economy, enabling the country to enjoy unprecedented growth in the nineteenth century.

  Robert: It's true that growth required cheap inland transportation, which railroads provided. But with government support similar to the massive land grants that subsidized rapid railroad expansion, canals and roads could have had the same effect. Which of the following is most likely a point that Robert believes is at issue between Daniel and himself?

  A. Whether the nineteenth-century economic growth in the U.S. was caused by railroads

  B. Whether the government should have supported canals and roads in the U.S. in the nineteenth century

  C. Whether railroads' contribution to economic growth was enabled by government support

  D. Whether economic growth depends on government support for technology that encourages that growth

  E. Whether railroads were necessary for the unprecedented economic growth in the U.S in the nineteenth century

  Correct Answer: E