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• Question 21:

  As much as. experience influences human preferences and values, the loss of firsthand experience with nature is likely to contribute to a reduced valuation of biodiversity by humans in the future--a dismal prospect for the diversity of life.

  A. As much as,

  B. As a whole.

  C. Inasmuch as

  D. As such.

  E. On the whole

  Correct Answer: B

• Question 22:

  Although a village in a drouqht-stncken area may at first be resistant to using new agricultural techniques, if the village leaders are consulted beforehand and the benefits of the techniques are demonstrated clearly, the agricultural ministry can often effect a real and positive change in agricultural productivity and thus in economic security.

  A. a village in a drought-stricken area may at first be resistant to using new agricultural techniques, if the village leaders are consulted beforehand and the benefits of the techniques are demonstrated clearly,

  B. a village may be resistant to first using new agricultural techniques in a drought-stricken area, if they consult beforehand with village leaders and clearly demonstrates the techniques' benefits,

  C. at first in a drought-stricken area a village may resist the use of new agricultural techniques, if their leaders are consulted beforehand and their benefits are clearly demonstrated,

  D. at first a village in a drought-stricken area may be resistant to new agricultural techniques, if the leaders are consulted beforehand and one clearly demonstrates their benefits,

  E. a village in a drought-stricken area may first resist using new agricultural techniques if village leaders are consulted beforehand and the benefits of the techniques are clearly demonstrated,

  Correct Answer: A

• Question 23:

  Riya: Chinese firms have had more success expancfing Wo East Africa than have firms from certain other countries in Asia, Europe, and North America. The Chinese government has coordinated with Chinese firms to have Chinese cultural productions, such as television dramas and news, translated into Swahili. These efforts helped gain acceptance by residents of the region for the Chinese firms that have expanded into the region. Thus if the governments of the other countries with businesses that seek to expand into East Africa were to emulate the Chinese government's approach, their businesses would find Just as much success.

  Which of the following most clearly identifies an assumption on which Riya's argument depends?

  A. Producers of cultural productions in Europe, North America, and the other Asian countries would be willing to distribute them in East Africa free of charge.

  B. Residents of East Africa have not developed a long-lasting preference for Chinese cultural productions over the productions of other non-East African countries.

  C. The Chinese government controls more of the cultural production in its home country than the governments of the other countries control In their home countries.

  D. The non-Chinese firms seeking to expand Into East Africa will not compete directly with the Chinese firms that are already established there.

  E. Translating cultural productions such as television shows Into Swahili is not the only intervention by the Chinese government in support of Chinese firms.

  Correct Answer: A

• Question 24:

  Within liberal political theory, one requirement the state imposes on all its members is that rights being respected, and so its interference with a group might be a legitimate response to practices that violate.

  A. this requirement.

  B. being respected, and so

  C. were to be respected and

  D. are being respected, and so that it

  E. be respected and that

  F. be respected, and so

  Correct Answer: E

• Question 25:

  Government regulations in Nation X require that milk products labeled "organic" come from cows that have access to pasture. Many industrial dairies have begun using the organic label on their products even though their cows spend most of their milk-bearing lives confined to feed lots eating grain. Critics charge that industrial dairy cows spend too little time grazing in pastures for their milk to bear the organic label, but the cows' owners insist that the animals are in good health and show no signs of discontent.

  Which of the following would it be most useful to establish in order to determine whether the industrial dairies' use of the organic label complies with government regulations?

  A. The average amount of grass eaten by a cow from an industrial dairy that uses the organic label, as compared to the average amount of grass eaten by a cow from a smaller organic dairy farm

  B. By what criteria a cow is considered to be "in good health," according to government regulation

  C. The nutritional value of the milk labeled organic that is produced by cows from industrial dairies

  D. The effects on milk prices of the wider use of the organic label

  E. The meaning of "access to pasture," as stipulated by government regulation

  Correct Answer: E

• Question 26:

  Which of the following would, if true, most help substantiate the highlighted claim In the first paragraph?

  A. The closer a planet is to its parent star, the more likely it is to be obscured by glare in Hubble images of that star.

  B. Astronomers calculate that most stars that have planets have at least one planet that orbits at a distance no less than that between HR 8799 and its outermost planet

  C. Many of the young stars photographed by Hubble produce at least as much mattered light as does HR 8799 though they distribute that light over a much area.

  D. In 1996, the astronomers examining the Hubble images were able to discern very few extrasolar planets despite having included a large number of images of your>g stars in their examinations.

  E. A large proportion of the stars that are shown in the archived Hubble images and suspected of spawning planets are at least as old as, if not substantially older than, HR 8799.

  Correct Answer: E

  Previously unknown extrasolar planets-planets outside our solar system-- probably await discovery In archival images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. A new technique allows astronomers to model the amount and distribution of scattered light produced by young stars suspected of spawning planets and remove that light from images of those stars. Once the glare of the parent stars' light is removed, planets may show up In Images already taken by Hubble's infrared cameras, since heat emitted by planets produces telltale wavelengths of infrared light. In 2008, astronomers using powerful Earth-based telescopes were able to detect three planets orbiting the star HR 8799 that were not previously detected by astronomers who examined infrared Hubble images of the star in 1998. David Lafrentere--a member of the team of astronomers who detected the planets in 2006 --then applied the new technique to those Hubble images and managed to uncover the outermost of the three planets. The others, tying closer to the star, still could not be distinguished against the background of the star's light. Lafrenifre's work has helped reaffirm the importance of maintaining long-term archives, and--because Hubble's infrared cameras record some wavelengths of light that cannot penetrate through the atmosphere to reach Earth's surface- revealed new information about the outermost of HR 8799's planets.

• Question 27:

  The author implies that if, in the experiment described in the second paragraph, the parasitic wasps had been drawn to the plants after they had been damaged by a razor blade but without application of oral secretions from the caterpillar, then scientists would likely have concluded which of the following?

  A. Wasps are attracted to the plants by the grassy odor released as the caterpillars feed on the plants' leaves.

  B. Wasps are attracted to the plants by volatile compounds released by the caterpillars as they digest the plant leaves that they consume.

  C. Wasps are attracted to the plants by volatile compounds released several hours after the caterpillars first begin consuming the plants' leaves.

  D. Wasps are attracted to the plants by volatile compounds released by the caterpillars rather than by odors created by the damage the caterpillars inflict on the plants' leaves.

  E. Wasps are more attracted to plants that have been infested by large numbers of caterpillars than to plants infested by relatively few caterpillars.

  Correct Answer: A

  Parasitic wasps propagate by injecting their eggs into a caterpillar that then becomes paralyzed as the eggs inside develop into wasp larvae. The wasp larvae kill the caterpillar host as they feed on it, form cocoons, and finally develop into wasps. In attempting to discover how such wasps detect the presence of the caterpillar hosts that are so critical to the wasps' propagation, researchers have uncovered an intriguing defense mechanism developed by the plants on which the caterpillars feed. When chewed on, many plants release volatile compounds from both damaged and undamaged tissues. When these compounds are toxic to the insects that feed on the plants, they can help defend the plants from such attacks. However, the plants on which the wasps' caterpillar hosts feed have evolved an even more complex defense: the caterpillar-infested plants appear to release volatile chemicals that attract parasitic wasps, which then prey on the caterpillars. Scientists originally suspected that the wasps were attracted by an odor, reminiscent of cut grass, that is released as the caterpillar feeds, but a recent study suggests that a different set of volatile attractants is involved. In this study, when researchers used a razor blade to mimic caterpillar damage on the leaves, only grassy odors were emitted, not the volatile compounds that attracted wasps. However, when oral secretions from the caterpillars were applied to these damaged leaves, the leaves released the wasp attractants several hours later. Further tests revealed that oral secretions placed on the razor-damaged leaves stimulated the release of such attractants, making the plants as attractive to wasps as plants that had suffered actual caterpillar damage. These results suggest that chemicals from the caterpillar must be present for these attractants to be released and that unlike the grassy scent, which emanates only as the caterpillar feeds on the plant, the wasp attractants are produced several hours after the attack and persist for several hours, perhaps days. Researchers have launched additional studies to determine whether the wasps' capacity to prey on caterpillars can be enhanced to the extent that the wasps could be used as a natural pesticide to "police" plants and protect them from crop- destroying caterpillars.

• Question 28:

  The passage most clearly indicates that which of the following types of evidence has been cited to support each of the theories mentioned in the first paragraph?

  A. The known historical geographical ranges of Indo-European languages

  B. Statistical calculations of the likely relationships among Indo-European languages

  C. Similarities among the vocabularies of different Indo-European languages

  D. Archaeological evidence suggesting when proto-Indo-European split into different Indo-European languages

  E. The archeclogically-established migration patterns of ancient peoples who spoke a language ancestral to all Indo-European languages

  Correct Answer: C

  The following is based on an article published in 2012. Most linguists believe proto-Indo- European, the ancestor of all Indo-European languages, was the language of chariot-driving pastoralists who spread through Eurasia from steppes north of the Black Sea about 4,000 years ago. But a competing theory is that proto-Indo-European was spoken by farmers in Anatolia (Asia Minor) about 9,000 years ago, and spread from there along with agriculture. To evaluate these hypotheses, researchers statistically compared IndoEuropean languages' vocabularies. Languages with more similar vocabularies are probably more closely related, sharing more recent common ancestors. Combining the vocabulary statistics with the known dates when certain languages split, and with their known geographical ranges, a computer calculated the most likely relationships among all Indo-European languages and concluded that protoIndo- European probably originated in Anatolia 9,000 years ago. Disputing this conclusion, skeptics argue that most Indo-European languages are similar in their words pertaining to chariots and wagons, suggesting protoIndo- European split into daughter languages only after chariots and wagons were invented. No archaeological evidence indicates that chariots and wagons existed before 5,500 years ago. Furthermore, proto-Indo-European had words for "horse" and "bee" and lent many words to proto-Uralic, the mother language of Finnish and Hungarian. The steppes north of the Black Sea were far closer than Anatolia to areas where proto-Uralic was spoken, and had more abundant wild horses and bees.

• Question 29:

  Until the Apollo astronauts brought samples of lunar material to Earth during 196?72, scientists believed that the Moon's surface was largely undisturbed, given its dry, airless environment. Examination of the samples has shown otherwise. Micrometeorites, many smaller than a pencil point, constantly rain onto the Moon at up to 100,000 kilometers per hour, chipping materials or forming microscopic craters. Some melt the soil and vaporize and recondense as glassy coats on other specks of dust. Impacts weld debris into lumps of heterogeneous matter called "agglutinates." Complicated interactions with solar particle streams convert iron into myriads of microscopic iron grains. The regdith--pebbles, sand, and dust-from these erosion processes blankets the Moon. Much of the top layer consists of a complex abrasive dust of microscopic glass shards that can grind machinery and sealing devices and damage human lungs.

  The Apollo specimens held by the United States are doled out in ultra-small samples to scientists who demonstrate that nothing else will suffice for high-value experiments. Renewed interest In lunar exploration in the late 1980s meant that materials designed to simulate lunar regolith--simulants--were needed for research to develop schemes for lunar building and procedures for extracting elements such as oxygen found abundantly in regolith. That led to the development of JSC-1 in 1993, made of volcanic cinder cone from a quarry in Arizona in the U.S. The more than 22 metric tons made was in high demand. Efforts are now afoot to manufacture 16 metric tons of JSC-1 A, with 1 ton of fine grains, 14 tons of moderately fine, and 1 ton of coarse.

  The information in the passage most strongly supports which of the following claims about the samples of lunar material brought back from the Moon by the Apollo astronauts?

  Scientists for whose experiments JSC-1A would suffice are not regarded as entitled to obtain material from the samples.

  A. Only scientists working on the development of simulants of lunar regolith have access to the samples.

  B. The samples were of all the major types of lunar regolith.

  C. The samples' ingredients included some cinder cone from lunar volcanoes.

  D. Only one of the samples contained ilmenite.

  Correct Answer: B

• Question 30:

  The term "electric-drive vehicles" not only Includes cars powered bv batteries charged with household current but also vehicles generating electricity on board or storing it in devices other than batteries.

  A. not only includes cars powered by batteries charged with household current but also vehicles generating electricity on board or storing

  B. not only includes cars that use power from batteries charged with household current but, in addition, vehicles generating electricity on board or storing

  C. includes not only cars powered by batteries charged with household current but also includes vehicles that generate electricity on board or storing

  D. includes not only cars that use power from batteries charged with household current but vehicles as well that generate electricity on board or store

  E. includes not only cars powered by batteries charged with household current but also vehicles that generate electricity on board or store

  Correct Answer: E