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• Question 41:

  Professor: One expert on Norse culture argues that since yarn (fiber thread) samples discovered at non- Norse archaeological sites, those related to the aboriginal Dorset people in the East Arctic, are similar to prehistoric Norse yarn samples, and since spinning was not a part of the technology of northern aboriginal peoples, the Dorset samples constitute proof of contact between these aboriginal people and Norse Vikings. The fact that radiocarbon dating seems to indicate that the Dorset samples predate Norse arrival in the region by centuries is dismissed by the expert as an anomaly attributable to significant problems with the dating of textiles found at Arctic sites. But this position seems questionable, given that

  Which of the following would, if true, most logically complete the professor's argument above?

  A. for textiles, radiocarbon dating is more accurate than any other dating method

  B. numerous ancient American cultures are known to have had spinning technology

  C. textiles found at other Arctic sites have not been dated with a high degree of precision

  D. the dating of the Dorset samples b consistent with that of other artifacts of known age found along with them

  E. the yarn discovered at the Da set sites is spun from the hair of animals indigenous to the area

  Correct Answer: B

• Question 42:

  In good times, an auction is the obvious choice for colectors wanting to sell a work of art, but A did just a few short months ago.

  A. to, fewer collectors are putting their holdings up for auction as

  B. to, less of them are putting their holdings up for auction than

  C. to, collectors aren't putting their holdings up for auction, and there are fewer than

  D. to do so, fewer of them put up their holdings for auction as they

  E. to put their holdings up for auction, they don't, and fewer are doing so now than

  Correct Answer: B

• Question 43:

  Percy Julian's research on the industrial synthesis erf soybeans Into steroids and the low mator contributions to twentieth-century chemistry

  A. despite working in relative obscurity, were major contributions

  B. despite the fact that he worked in relative obscurity, were major contributions

  C. despite working In relative obscurity, was a major contribution

  D. although he was working in relative obscurity, were major contributions

  E. even though he worked In relative obscurity, was a major contribution

  Correct Answer: B

• Question 44:

  Many of the examples In the new book about the Kamuxa culture were taken--and researchers in the nineteenth century but were not available until very recently.

  A. taken--and indeed discussed extensively in--sources that

  B. taken from sources--and indeed discussed extensively--that

  C. taken from--and indeed discussed extensively in--sources that

  D. taken from--and indeed discussed extensively--in sources that

  E. taken--and Indeed discussed extensively--from sources that

  Correct Answer: E

• Question 45:

  Voters in Allatia can bypass the legislature and make law by voting directly on initiatives via referenda. Business lobbying groups have spent large sums of money in Allatia on advertising campaigns intended to influence the outcome of business-related referenda, but no initiative that received large financial support from these groups has ever become law via referendum. Nonetheless, most business lobbying groups have decided to continue spending money on advertising designed to sway voters in referenda.

  Which of the following, if true, would provide the strongest justification for the business groups' decision?

  A. The number of people voting on referenda in Allatia has been steadily increasing in recent years.

  B. Complying with the complex requirements that must be met in Allatia before an initiative can be decided via referendum requires the expenditure of a substantial amount of money.

  C. Opponents of a referendum that receives financial support from business lobbying groups frequently use that support as an issue to rally opposition to the referendum.

  D. Money spent by business lobbying groups to advertise against referendum initiatives unfavorable to their business interests has frequently been a deciding factor in the defeat of such initiatives.

  E. A significant percentage of referenda that come before the voters in Allatia are business- related.

  Correct Answer: D

• Question 46:

  Mark Twain's financial troubles stemmed from a lavish lifestyle and poor investments in such a dubious invention as a "patent baby clamp," designed to prevent infants from kicking off their blankets, and an extraordinarily complicated and undependable typesetting machine.

  A. poor investments in such a dubious invention as

  B. poor investments in such dubious inventions as

  C. included such poor investments as in the dubious inventions of

  D. such poor investments, as in the invention of

  E. such poor investments in dubious inventions as

  Correct Answer: B

• Question 47:

  

  A. Option A

  B. Option B

  C. Option C

  D. Option D

  E. Option E

  Correct Answer: C

• Question 48:

  The information in the passage suggests that its authoi believes there may be "a halo effect" (see highlighted text) associated with which of the following errors?

  A. A company's profitable Implementation of sustainable practices is mistakenly attributed to altruistic motives.

  B. The apparent association of a company's adoption of sustainability initiatives with Its need to address resource limitations is mistaken for causation.

  C. A company's financial success Is mistakenly attributed to the positive qualities of those who make the management decisions at that company.

  D. The financially successful strategies of some companies are mistaken to Imply that a larger group of companies will be similarly successful If they adopt similar strategies.

  E. The positive environmental impact of a company's adoption of sustainable practices Is mistakenly understood to offset a greater negative environmental Impact than K actually does.

  Correct Answer: D

  Many policymakers adopt a macro approach to environmental problems in emerging markets (countries experiencing rapid economic growth): discussing ambitious regulations in global faums and looking to giant multinational companies and non- governmental organizations (NGOs) for insight. But examining what successful companies in these countries are already doing to make growth more environmentally sustainable may make more sense. One study identifies several such firms that are turning eco-consciousness into a source of competitive advantage. The most salient quality of these highly profitable companies Is that they turn limitations (of resources, labor, and Infrastructure) into opportunities. An Indian cement company suffering water shortages developed the world's most water-efficient cement-making method, using air-cooling rather than water cooling. A Philippines utility reduced its water loss through wastage and illegal tapping from 63 percent (1997) to 12 percent (2010) by making water more affordable for lower-Income consumers. A Chinese company makes air conditioners powered with buildings' waste heat, reducing strain on the electric grid. The companies also seek to shape their business environment to support sustainable objectives. Some lobby regulators: a Brazilian organic-sugar producer works with Brazil's government to establish an organic certification system. Some form partnerships: Kenya's Equity Bank allies with international groups to reduce its risks when lending to smallholders or single-family farms; a Brazilian cosmetics company works with suppliers to produce sustainable packaging. Some firms also work to reach and educate lower-income consumers, sacrificing short-term profits to create future markets: a Chilean forestry company organizes local carpenters into networks and connects them to low-income customers. One could quibble with the study. Switzerland's Phil Rosenzweig has argued that management writers are prone to a halo effect: they treat a company's temporary success as proof that It has discovered some eternal principle of good management. That some successful companies have embraced environmental sustainability does not prove that It makes companies successful. Some firms, having prospered, can afford splurging on green Initiatives; some pursue eco-Initiatives for public relations purposes. Nonetheless, the study Is thought-provoking. Critics argue that environmentalism Is a rich- world luxury, but such fears are overblown. When natural resources are scarce and consumers are cash-strapped, sustainability can be a lucrative business strategy.

• Question 49:

  Although abundant in many areas of the southern United States, the evening bat has always been uncommon to rare across the northern part of its range--most of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio--their already small populations decreasing even further during the latter part of the twentieth century.

  A. their already small populations decreasing

  B. and already low populations decreased

  C. and their already small populations decreased

  D. their already low numbers decreasing

  E. and its already low numbers decreased

  Correct Answer: D

• Question 50:

  According to the passage, which of the following calls Into question the analysis that uses the concept of structural inertia?

  A. Inside sources of change

  B. The phenomenon of "imprinting"

  C. Theories of managerial resistance

  D. Conservative aspects of organizational culture

  E. The openness of upper management at some firms to more egalitarian practices

  Correct Answer: A

  Although a substantial body of evidence Indicates that flexible and participative work arrangements make possible significant performance advantages over more traditional centralized and hierarchical structures, the proportion of businesses that have so transformed themselves remains quite small. Why, then, do firms that purport to be rationally acting organizations appear to resist the very methods that would best equip them to achieve their stated goals? One line of analysis points toward the phenomenon of structural inertia, suggesting that organizations are "imprinted" with the conditions under which they were born, tending thereafter to ding to long-established routines, production methods, and identities. A second approach fastens on resistance to change among middle managers, who are said to view new work practices as threats to their traditional status and authority. A third approach suggests that because firms have tended to adopt innovations singly, rather than in clusters, the firms often fail to achieve far-reaching organization change. Although each of these perspectives contains a partial truth, each one is limited. Analysis using the concept of structural inertia tends to emphasize the conservative aspects of organizational culture and to neglect inside factors as sources of change. While theories of managerial resistance have stressed the importance of within-firm political processes, they often endow upper levels of management with an omniscience and openness to egalitarian practices that upper-level managers do not possess. Finally, the last approach often views new practices as if they exist in a vacuum--as if they are unmediated by the manner in which they are introduced.