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• Question 61:

  Legislator: Relatively few people in this society object to allowing the potential use of gene replacement techniques to treat disease, but most react negatively to allowing the use of such techniques to enhance people's performance in competitive sports. A clear distinction should therefore be made between medical treatment and performance enhancement when regulations concerning gene replacement are being formulated, because otherwise__________, Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

  A. these regulations will not accurately reflect the sentiments of most people in this society

  B. gene replacement may be used for purposes yet unimagined

  C. the opinions people have of gene replacement will not have a scientific basis

  D. the generally accepted conception of athletic ability will have already shifted by the time the regulations are implemented

  E. the potential benefits of gene replacement will never be fully realized

  Correct Answer: A

• Question 62:

  The scientists discussed in the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements about attempting to limit phytoplankton blooms in an estuary by placing restrictions on discharges from wastewater treatment plants and runoff from agricultural fields?

  A. The approach would most likely have an effect opposite to that which was intended.

  B. The approach would probably be initially successful but have long-term negative effects.

  C. The approach would probably not produce a significantly different effect than inaction would.

  D. The approach would not be as likely to have the intended effect the scientists would have expected prior to the San Francisco Bay blooms.

  E. The approach would produce the intended effect if the estuary in question were located in a warm climate.

  Correct Answer: E

  United States Geological Survey scientists have found that a cooling in Pacific Ocean temperatures led to increases in ecologically threatening phytoplankton blooms in San Francisco Bay, California. The declining temperatures took place off the coast of California between 1999 and 2004. The occurrence of these blooms is surprising because such blooms are normally associated with increases in the amount of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, entering estuaries from such sources as wastewater treatment plants and agricultural fields. In this case, the bay's phytoplankton blooms occurred during a period of decreasing nutrient concentration and inputs. The scientists discovered the effects of the cold Pacific temperatures by using biological and water-quality data collected over twenty-five years. The colder temperatures caused changes in the types, abundance, and migration patterns of marine life into the San Francisco Bay from coastal ocean waters. For example, marine life, such as fish, shrimp, and crabs, migrated to the warmer waters that are found in the bay. The migrations increased the numbers of predators such as bay shrimp and Dungeness crabs that eat filter feeders, such as clams. Clams can filter large quantities of phytoplankton from the bay's water, which can prevent phytoplankton blooms. With the increase in predators, there was a corresponding decrease in clam populations and an increase in phytoplankton.

• Question 63:

  The ornithologist interpreted the ravens' behavior as indicating that they were looking for another bird's food cache of which it did not know its exact location.

  A. of which it did not know its exact location

  B. that they did not know exactly where it was

  C. the exact location of which was unknown to them

  D. and it did not know exactly where it was

  E. which the exact location was unknown to them

  Correct Answer: C

• Question 64:

  As a trained medical doctor and a novelist, playwright, and essayist by vocation, Afro- Colombian Manuel Zapata Olivella abandoned the practice of medicine to pursue his literary career.

  A. As a trained medical doctor

  B. A medical doctor by training

  C. Although trained as a medical doctor

  D. Either a medical doctor by training

  E. While being a trained medical doctor

  Correct Answer: B

• Question 65:

  Geraldine: The medical profession claims that it is constantly refining its diagnostic techniques so as to improve its ability to treat those who are ill, but I suspect that this is all Just obfuscation. Anyone who really wants to know why medical diagnoses have increased in recent years need look only at the tremendous amount of money that is made manufacturing, advertising, and distributing drugs.

  Which of the following would it be most useful to determine in evaluating Geraldine's explanation?

  A. Whether the medical profession's diagnostic techniques have changed significantly in recent years

  B. Whether in recent years medical professionals have prescrfoed different medications than they did in years past for certain ailments

  C. Whether in recent years those who were prescribed drugs reported that they were satisfied with the treatment they received

  D. Whether in recent years diagnoses of ailments treated by nondrug therapies have increased at a more rapid rate than diagnoses of ailments treated by drugs

  E. Whether in recent years the amount of money that was made manufacturing, advertising, and distributing drugs was greater than the amount of money that was made by the physicians who diagnosed ailments

  Correct Answer: E

• Question 66:

  Which of the following does the passage NOT indicate is practiced by one or more companies in emerging markets discussed in the study?

  A. Lowering prices in order to decrease certain types ol losses

  B. Reengineering their practices in order to do more with fewer resources

  C. Reducing illegal use of their resources by working with regulators

  D. Allying with other companies In order to develop environmental sustainability Initiatives

  E. Working with outside partners to mitigate risks of the company's investments

  Correct Answer: D

  Many policymakers adopt a macro approach to environmental problems in emerging markets (countries experiencing rapid economic growth): discussing ambitious regulations in global forums and looking to giant multinational companies and non- governmental organizations (NGOs) for insight. But examining what successful companies in these countries are already doing to make growth more environmentally sustainable may make more sense. One study identifies several such firms that are turning eco-consciousness into a source of competitive advantage. The most salient quality of these highly profitable companies Is that they turn limitations (of resources, labor, and Infrastructure) into opportunities. An Indian cement company suffering water shortages developed the world's most water-efficient cement-making method, using air-cooling rather than water cooling. A Philippines utility reduced its water loss through wastage and illegal tapping from 63 percent (1997) to 12 percent (2010) by making water more affordable for lower-Income consumers. A Chinese company makes air conditioners powered with buildings' waste heat, reducing strain on the electric grid. The companies also seek to shape their business environment to support sustainable objectives. Some lobby regulators: a Brazilian organic-sugar producer works with Brazil's government to establish an organic certification system. Some form partnerships: Kenya's Equity Bank allies with international groups to reduce its risks when lending to smallholders or single-family farms; a Brazilian cosmetics company works with suppliers to produce sustainable packaging. Some firms also work to reach and educate lower-income consumers, sacrificing short-term profits to create future markets: a Chilean forestry company organizes local carpenters into networks and connects them to low-income customers. One could quibble with the study. Switzerland's Phil Rosenzweig has argued that management writers are prone to a halo effect: they treat a company's temporary success as proof that It has discovered some eternal principle of good management. That some successful companies have embraced environmental sustainability does not prove that It makes companies successful. Some firms, having prospered, can afford splurging on green Initiatives; some pursue eco-Initiatives for public relations purposes. Nonetheless, the study Is thought-provoking. Critics argue that environmentalism Is a rich- world luxury, but such fears are overblown. When natural resources are scarce and consumers are cash-strapped, sustainability can be a lucrative business strategy

• Question 67:

  Doctor: People who have grown up on farms and have been frequently exposed to germs from farm animals are much less likely to develop allergies than are people who were raised in more sanitary environments. This suggests that childhood exposure to certain microorganisms improves the function of the immune system.

  In order to assess the strength of the doctor's argument, it would be most helpful to know which of the following?

  A. Whether farm animals exposed to microorganisms can develop allergies as a result

  B. To which species of microorganisms children who grow up on farms are most often exposed

  C. How the lifestyles of children on farms tend to be distinctive in other ways known to affect the function of the immune system

  D. Whether adults who work with farm animals are less likely to develop allergies than adults from similar backgrounds who work in sanitary environments

  E. Whether most of the allergies suffered by adults who did not grow up on farms are caused by allergens found on farms

  Correct Answer: C

• Question 68:

  Paleontologist: Scientists have used evidence about bone structure to infer that carnivorous dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus rex had genomes-sets of genetic information in their DNA-- much smaller than those of most modern mammals. Modern birds have genomes about the same size as those of these dinosaurs, from which they evolved. Therefore the hypothesis that small genomes in birds were an evolutionary adaptation functioning to conserve energy for flight is probably false.

  Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the paleontologist's argument?

  A. Species of frying animals other than birds typically have genomes no smaller than those of their most recent flightless ancestor species.

  B. Flying mammals such as bats have genomes about the same size as modern bird genomes.

  C. Species with small genomes typically use energy much more efficiently than do dosely related species with larger genomes.

  D. Many animal species that lived in the same period as Tyrannosaurus rev but were not ancestors of modern birds also had relatively small genomes.

  E. At least some flightless species that evolved from carnivorous dinosaurs and were ancestors to modern bird species had much larger genomes than modern birds have.

  Correct Answer: A

• Question 69:

  Berlandia's senate recently introduced two bills to address the problem of overburdened landfills: one would require that at least 40 percent by weight of the plastics sold in that country be biodegradable, the other that at least 80 percent by weight of plastics sold there be recycled into useful products. One legislator, however, has claimed that biodegradable plastics cannot be recycled into useful products, even if the biodegradables are mixed with other plastics.

  The legislator's claim, if true, most strongly supports which of the following?

  A. If both bills are passed, violations of at least one of the new laws will undoubtedly occur.

  B. If both bills are passed, the amount of nonbiodegradable plastics that reach Berlandia's landfills will soon increase over present levels.

  C. The cost of products made from recycled plastics will increase significantly unless neither bill Is passed.

  D. If a plastic product contains a significant amount of recycled material, that product will probably not contain biodegradable materials as well.

  E. Eventually, only plastics that are biodegradable will be sold in Berlandia, whether or not both bills are passed.

  Correct Answer: A

• Question 70:

  Medical researcher: A study tracked fluid consumption by thousands of middle-aged peopte for several years. During the study, the people who drank the least fluid were the most Beefy to develop kidney disease. Thus, for such peopte, increasing dairy fluid consumption is likely to prevent the development of kidney disease.

  Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the medical researcher's argument?

  A. A majority of the people in the study who drank less than average amounts of fluids dkl not develop kidney disease during the study.

  B. People suffering from kidney disease in middte age often increase their daify fluid consumption in response to acquiring the disease.

  C. A majority of the people in the study who already had kidney disease when the study began had been drinking less than average amounts of fluid for years.

  D. People suffering from several common medical conditions that often result in kidney dhease tend to feel less thirsty and thus drink less fluid.

  E. A majority of the people in the study who decreased their dairy fluid consumption during the study developed kidney disease.

  Correct Answer: D