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• Question 81:

  Research biologist Sofie Salama's team is looking for regions of the human genome that distinguish humans from chimps and contain genes once active in our ancestors, but being no longer beneficial to humans, so they have become inactive and riddled with mutations.

  A. once active in our ancestors, but being no longer beneficial to humans, so they

  B. active in our ancestors, but once they were no longer beneficial to humans,

  C. once active in our ancestors, but no longer beneficial to humans, so

  D. active at one time in our ancestors but no longer beneficial to humans, thus

  E. that were once active in our ancestors but that, because they are no longer beneficial to humans,

  Correct Answer: E

• Question 82:

  If we are to develop a theory of how social factors influence the evolution of languages, both the system of social network that deter mines the spread of individual changes, plus the role of dialects and

  A. both the system of social networks that determines the spread of individual changes, plus the role of dialects and standard languages, must be understood

  B. both the system of social networks that determines the spread of individual changes, as well as the role of dialects and standard languages, must be understood

  C. we must understand both the system of social networks that determines the spread of individual changes and the rote of dialects and standard languages

  D. we must both understand the system of social networks that determines the spread of individual changes, and the role of dialects and standard languages

  E. the system of social networks that determines the spread of Individual changes, and as well the role of dialects and standard languages, must be understood

  Correct Answer: C

• Question 83:

  The passage is primarily concerned with discussing

  A. the chronology of various failed attempts to understand the dynamics of soil salinization in Victoria

  B. the evidence concerning the approximate date at which soil salinity became a problem in Victoria

  C. the degree to which the farming practices of European immigrants affected soil and water in Victoria

  D. what research suggests concerning how tree coverage in Victoria has affected the absorption of saline water by soil

  E. what best accounts for soil salinization in Victoria based on the results of research

  Correct Answer: E

  Soil salinization--the process by which soil acquires excess soluble salt, adversely affecting pasture or crop growth--is regarded as Australia's most serious environmental problem. Cope, whose 1958 investigation is considered the earliest survey of salt-affected areas in Victoria, hypothesized that surplus rainwater mobilized soluble salt stored in the permeable layer of soil, causing it to accumulate above an impermeable layer and then discharge downslope or onto a valley floor. In the late 1970s, however, Jenkin identified saline water underground as the main and immediate (though not ultimate) source of the salt, and hypothesized that the spread of salinity resulted from a rise in that groundwater. He attributed the rise to a decrease in coverage by water-absorbing trees and other vegetation at some ill-defined point in Australia's post-settlement history. However, more-recent research suggests there was no rise in post- settlement groundwater levels. Furthermore, soil salinity probably antedated European settlement: early cartographic evidence indicates that some streams were saline when Europeans arrived. Dahlhaus suggests that salt accumulation resulted from marine incursions several million years ago, when parts of Victoria may have been submerged--as well as from transport of salt from the sea by wind and rain. Dahlhaus also notes that various minerals dissolved in groundwater by weathering may have produced salt.

• Question 84:

  In paragraph four, the author uses which of the following to illustrate the function of adhesion molecules?

  A. Metaphor

  B. Specific examples

  C. Rhetorical questions

  D. Anecdotal evidence

  E. Statistical tabulation

  Correct Answer: A

  What makes a rhinoceros look like a rhinoceros, or a petunia like a petunia? Understanding the basis of the generation of the forms, patterns, or shapes of complex organisms is a principal subject of biologist Gerald Edelman's stimulating book Topobiology, which explores the links among the development, evolution, form, and function of organisms. In older scientific language, one could say that Edelman has brought a new dimension to morphology, the study of the form and shape of animate and plants, and to histology, the study of the minute structure of tissues. The major thrust of his book te what he calls a morphoregulatory hypothesis, which can be described as the outline of a molecular basis for the formation of pattern, involving three types of genes. In the morphoregulatory sequence, morphoregulatory genes control the production of molecules that cause the formation of clusters of cells. When the cell dusters begin to communicate, they activate another type (selector genes) that then select and switch on a third type of gene (historegulatory genes). In the organisms they have studied, Edelman and his colleagues have found cell adhesion molecules (resulting from morphoregulatory gene action) that are attached to the surface of different cells and link them in clusters. These molecules can appear at different times in the development of a multicellular system, and at various specific sites on the cells. Furthermore, their chemical structure can vary. This tremendous variation allows a great flexibility in the kinds of linkages the molecules effect. A second class of adhesion molecules plays a comparable role In attaching cells to the developing scaffolding of filaments that lie outside cells. Also of particular interest to researchers are what are called cell Junction molecules, composed of clusters of proteins providing small channels from the inside of one cell to the Inside of another. These three types of molecules facilitate a kind of conversation among eels that determines the course of development of organisms. It has been possible to demonstrate how Important these molecules are by treating tissues with agents that block their functions, thus effectively and drastically changing the organism's development.

• Question 85:

  Back as early as the time of Pythagoras, music was considered a key to understanding the universe:

  musical tones helped explain mathematics and scientific principles, and certain combinations of notes were thought to have profound effects on the emotions.

  A. a key to understanding the universe: musical tones helped explain

  B. key to understand the universe: musical tones will help to explain

  C. a key of understanding the universe: musical tones help explain

  D. key in understanding the universe: musical tones helped explaining

  E. key for helping understand the universe: musical tones helping to explain

  Correct Answer: A

• Question 86:

  Which of the following does the passage suggest is true?

  A. Light crossing the boundary between warm air and cooler air bends at an extreme angle.

  B. Mirages involve a change in the direction of microwaves.

  C. Microwave radiation behaves in some ways like visible light.

  D. No metamaterial had been constructed before the one used to cloak microwaves.

  E. Metamaterials are primarily of use in construction of buildings that need to be shielded from some forms of EMR.

  Correct Answer: B

  Consider a mirage on a hot toad: when light rays hit the hot air just above the surface, they bend. Although light moves through a vacuum at a certain constant speed, it moves more slowly through any transparent medium, such as water or gas. Light travels faster in the thin air near the road than it does in the colder, denser air above, and the difference in speed makes it shift direction as it crosses the boundary between the two. Rays once headed downwards from the sky are redirected to your eye, hiding part of the road with a shimmering image. A research team has constructed an apparatus to cloak an object from electromagnetic radiation (EMR)--in this case, microwaves--making the object 'invisible" to microwave- based detection devices, somewhat as a mirage on a hot road makes the road invisible. The apparatus bends incoming microwaves around the object, using a class of recently created metamaterials--materials that gain certain desired properties directly from their engineered structures rather than from their composition. These metamaterials possess the ability, not found in nature, to bend microwaves at extreme angles. The metamaterial in this case--thin, rigid sheets of fiberglass insulator stamped with conducting loops, coils, and tiny rectangles--was designed to control the movement of incoming EMR.

• Question 87:

  Incumbents in the United States House of Representatives who spend large amounts of money on a reelection campaign usually lose, whereas those who spend relatively little money usually win. Thus, heavy campaign spending is detrimental to an incumbent's reelection campaign.

  Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

  A. In the most recent elections fa the House of Representatives, roughty hatf of the winners spent large amounts of money on their campaigns.

  B. The incumbents who spend large amounts of money are the ones who know that they are politically vulnerable.

  C. Incumbents raise most of their campaign money through contributions by large corporations.

  D. Because their names are already known to the public, incumbents do not need to spend as much money to finance their campaigns as new candidates do.

  E. Most incumbents who run for reelection win their reelection campaigns.

  Correct Answer: B

• Question 88:

  Many managers, believing that temporary employees have no commitment to their company, have been concerned that when a large part of the regular work force Is replaced by temporary employees there will be a dilution of company loyalty. This concern can be set aside, however, since temporary employees in fact have as much company loyalty as the regular employees they replace.

  Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument above depends?

  A. When regular employees are replaced by temporary employees, there is no diminution in the loyalty of those regular employees who are not replaced.

  B. Replacing regular employees by temporary employees results in no managerial disadvantages other than the risk of diluting company loyalty.

  C. Companies in which regular employees have not been replaced by temporary employees have no higher a level of company loyalty than those In which they have been replaced.

  D. Managers are Incapable of overcoming declines In company loyalty.

  E. The Importance for a manager of preserving company loyalty is greater now than It has ever been before.

  Correct Answer: C

• Question 89:

  A series of financial reports in recent months has portrayed an economy that is slowing sharply, thus raising expectations that the Federal Reserve v.ill be comp.. -xi to cut interest rates in order to avert a recession.

  A. that the Federal Reserve will be compelled to cut interest rates in order to avert a recession

  B. that averting a recession will compel the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates

  C. of averting a recession by the Federal Reserve being compelled to cut interest rates

  D. of the Federal Reserve's being compelled into cutting interest rates in order to avert a recession

  E. of compelling the Federal Reserve into cutting interest rates in order that a recession is averted

  Correct Answer: A

• Question 90:

  Which of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

  A. Researchers inspired by observing mirages on hot roads have applied the underlying physical principles to develop a new process to cloak objects from microwaves.

  B. Researchers have invented a process to cloak objects from microwaves through the use of a novel engineered material that bends microwaves at extreme angles.

  C. Both the occurrence of mirages on hot roads and the cloaking of microwaves through a newly invented process result from the bending of light at extreme angles.

  D. Microwaves and visible light both conform to a set of physical laws that explain mirages on hot roads.

  E. The movement of EMR around an object can be controlled by metal shapes like loops, coils, or tiny rectangles.

  Correct Answer: A

  Consider a mirage on a hot toad: when light rays hit the hot air just above the surface, they bend. Although light moves through a vacuum at a certain constant speed, it moves more slowly through any transparent medium, such as water or gas. Light travels faster in the thin air near the road than it does in the colder, denser air above, and the difference in speed makes it shift direction as it crosses the boundary between the two. Rays once headed downwards from the sky are redirected to your eye, hiding part of the road with a shimmering image. A research team has constructed an apparatus to cloak an object from electromagnetic radiation (EMR)--in this case, microwaves--making the object "invisible" to microwave- based detection devices, somewhat as a mirage on a hot road makes the road invisible. The apparatus bends incoming microwaves around the object, using a class of recently created metamaterials--materials that gain certain desired properties directly from their engineered structures rather than from their composition. These metamaterials possess the ability, not found in nature, to bend microwaves at extreme angles. The metamaterial in this case--thin, rigid sheets of fiberglass insulator stamped with conducting loops, coils, and tiny rectangles--was designed to control the movement of incoming EMR.