ISA ISA Certifications ISA-IEC-62443 Questions & Answers

• Question 31:

  Which organization manages the ISASecure conformance certification program?

  Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)

  A. American Society for Industrial Security

  B. Automation Federation

  C. National Institute of Standards and Technology

  D. Security Compliance Institute

  Correct Answer: D

  The ISASecure conformance certification program is managed by the Security Compliance Institute (ISCI), a non-profit organization established in 2007 by a group of industry stakeholders, including end users, suppliers, and integrators. ISCI's mission is to provide a common industry-accepted set of device and process requirements that drive device security, simplifying procurement for asset owners and device assurance for equipment vendors12. References: 1: ISASecure

  - IEC 62443 Conformance Certification - Official Site 2: Certifications - ISASecure

• Question 32:

  What.are the two elements of the risk analysis category of an IACS?

  Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)

  A. Risk evaluation and risk identification

  B. Business rationale and risk reduction and avoidance

  C. Business rationale and risk identification and classification

  D. Business recovery and risk elimination or mitigation

  Correct Answer: C

  The risk analysis category of an IACS consists of two elements: business rationale and risk identification and classification1. Business rationale is the process of defining the scope, objectives, and criteria for the risk analysis, as well as the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders involved. Risk identification and classification is the process of identifying the assets, threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences of a cyberattack on the IACS, and assigning a risk level to each scenario based on the likelihood and impact of the attack1. These elements are essential for establishing a baseline of the current risk posture of the IACS and determining the appropriate risk treatment measures to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. References: 1: ISA/IEC 62443-3-2:2020, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-2: Security risk assessment for system design, International Society of Automation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, 2020.

• Question 33:

  Which analysis method is MOST frequently used as an input to a security risk assessment?

  Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)

  A. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis

  B. Job Safety Analysis(JSA)

  C. Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)

  D. System Safety Analysis(SSA)

  Correct Answer: C

  A Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) is a systematic and structured method of identifying and evaluating the potential hazards and risks associated with an industrial process. A PHA can help to identify the possible causes and consequences of undesired events, such as equipment failures, human errors, cyberattacks, natural disasters, etc. A PHA can also provide recommendations for reducing the likelihood and severity of such events, as well as improving the safety and security of the process. A PHA is one of the most frequently used analysis methods as an input to a security risk assessment, as it can help to identify the assets, threats, vulnerabilities, and impacts related to the process, and provide a basis for determining the security risk level and the appropriate security countermeasures. A PHA is also a requirement of the ISA/IEC 62443 standard, as part of the security program development and implementation phase12. References: 1: ISA/IEC 62443-2-1: Security for industrial automation and control systems: Establishing an industrial automation and control systems security program 2: ISA/IEC 62443-3-2: Security for industrial automation and control systems: Security risk assessment for system design

• Question 34:

  Which of the following is a cause for the increase in attacks on IACS?

  Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)

  A. Use of proprietary communications protocols

  B. The move away from commercial off the shelf (COTS) systems, protocols, and networks

  C. Knowledge of exploits and tools readily available on the Internet

  D. Fewer personnel with system knowledge having access to IACS

  Correct Answer: C

  One of the reasons for the increase in attacks on IACS is the availability of information and tools that can be used to exploit vulnerabilities in these systems. The Internet provides a platform for hackers, researchers, and activists to share their knowledge and techniques for compromising IACS. Some examples of such information and tools are: Stuxnet: A sophisticated malware that targeted the Iranian nuclear program in 2010. It exploited four zero-day vulnerabilities in Windows and Siemens software to infect and manipulate the programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that controlled the centrifuges. Stuxnet was widely analyzed and reported by the media and security experts, and its source code was leaked online1. Metasploit: A popular penetration testing framework that contains modules for exploiting various IACS components and protocols. For instance, Metasploit includes modules for attacking Modbus, DNP3, OPC, and Siemens S7 devices2. Shodan: A search engine that allows users to find devices connected to the Internet, such as webcams, routers, printers, and IACS components. Shodan can reveal the location, model, firmware, and configuration of these devices, which can be used by attackers to identify potential targets and vulnerabilities3. ICS-CERT: A website that provides alerts, advisories, and reports on IACS security issues and incidents. ICS-CERT also publishes vulnerability notes and mitigation recommendations for various IACS products and vendors4. These sources of information and tools can be useful for legitimate purposes, such as security testing, research, and education, but they can also be misused by malicious actors who want to disrupt, damage, or steal from IACS. Therefore, IACS owners and operators should be aware of the threats and risks posed by the Internet and implement appropriate security measures to protect their systems. References:

• Question 35:

  Which is the PRIMARY objective when defining a security zone?

  Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)

  A. All assets in the zone must be from the same vendor.

  B. All assets in the zone must share the same security requirements.

  C. All assets in the zone must be at the same level in the Purdue model.

  D. All assets in the zone must be physically located in the same area.

  Correct Answer: B

  According to the ISA/IEC 62443-3-2 standard, a security zone is a grouping of systems and components based on their functional, logical, and physical relationship that share common security requirements. The primary objective of defining a security zone is to apply a consistent level of protection to the assets within the zone, based on their criticality and risk assessment. A security zone may contain assets from different vendors, different levels in the Purdue model, or different physical locations, as long as they have the same security requirements. A security zone may also be subdivided into subzones, if there are different security requirements within the zone. A conduit is a logical or physical grouping of communication channels connecting two or more zones that share common security requirements. References: ISA/IEC 62443-3-2:2020, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-2: Security risk assessment for system design, Clause 4.3.21 ISA/IEC 62443-1-1:2009, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 1-1: Terminology, concepts and models, Clause 3.2.42

• Question 36:

  What are three possible entry points (pathways) that could be used for launching a cyber attack?

  Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)

  A. LAN, portable media, and wireless

  B. LAN, portable media, and hard drives

  C. LAN, power source, and wireless OD.

  D. LAN, WAN, and hard drive

  Correct Answer: A

  A cyber attack is an attempt to compromise the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a computer system or network by exploiting its vulnerabilities. A cyber attack can be launched from various entry points, which are the pathways that allow an attacker to access a target system or network. According to the ISA/IEC 62443-3-2 standard, which defines a method for conducting a security risk assessment for industrial automation and control systems (IACS), some of the possible entry points for a cyber attack are: LAN: A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects devices within a limited geographic area, such as a building or a campus. A LAN can be an entry point for a cyber attack if an attacker gains physical or logical access to the network devices, such as switches, routers, firewalls, or servers. An attacker can use various techniques to access a LAN, such as network scanning, spoofing, sniffing, or hijacking. An attacker can also exploit vulnerabilities in the network protocols, services, or applications that run on the LAN. A cyber attack on a LAN can affect the communication and operation of the devices and systems connected to the network, such as IACS. Portable media: Portable media are removable storage devices that can be used to transfer data between different systems or devices, such as USB flash drives, CDs, DVDs, or external hard drives. Portable media can be an entry point for a cyber attack if an attacker uses them to introduce malicious code or data into a target system or device. An attacker can use various techniques to infect portable media, such as autorun, social engineering, or physical tampering. An attacker can also exploit vulnerabilities in the operating systems, drivers, or applications that interact with portable media. A cyber attack using portable media can affect the functionality and security of the systems or devices that use them, such as IACS. Wireless: Wireless is a technology that enables communication and data transmission without physical wires or cables, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular networks. Wireless can be an entry point for a cyber attack if an attacker intercepts, modifies, or disrupts the wireless signals or data. An attacker can use various techniques to access wireless networks or devices, such as cracking, jamming, or eavesdropping. An attacker can also exploit vulnerabilities in the wireless protocols, standards, or encryption methods. A cyber attack on wireless can affect the availability and reliability of the wireless communication and data transmission, such as IACS. Therefore, LAN, portable media, and wireless are three possible entry points that could be used for launching a cyber attack. References: Cybersecurity Risk Assessment According to ISA/IEC 62443-3-21 ISA/IEC 62443 Series of Standards2

• Question 37:

  What type of security level defines what a component or system is capable of meeting?

  Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)

  A. Capability security level

  B. Achieved security level

  C. Design security level

  D. Target security level

  Correct Answer: A

  According to the IEC 62443 standard, a capability security level (SL-C) is defined as "the security level that a component or system is capable of meeting when it is properly configured and protected by an appropriate set of security countermeasures" 1. A component or system can have different SL-Cs for different security requirements, depending on its design and implementation. The SL-C is determined by testing the component or system against a set of security test cases that correspond to the security requirements. The SL-C is not dependent on the actual operational environment or configuration of the component or system, but rather on its inherent capabilities. References: IEC 62443 - Wikipedia

• Question 38:

  Using the risk matrix below, what is the risk of a medium likelihood event with high consequence?

  

  A. Option A

  B. Option B

  C. Option C

  D. Option D

  Correct Answer: B

  According to the ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals, the risk matrix is a tool used to assess the risk of a particular event. The risk matrix is divided into three categories: likelihood, consequence, and risk. The likelihood is the

  probability that an event will occur, the consequence is the impact that the event will have, and the risk is the combination of the two. In this case, the risk of a medium likelihood event with high consequence is a high risk, as shown by the red

  cell in the matrix. References:

  ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals

  [ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Certificate Program] [Cybersecurity Library]

  [Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standard to Secure Your Control Systems]

• Question 39:

  Which is the PRIMARY reason why Modbus over Ethernet is easy to manaqe in a firewall?

  Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)

  A. Modbus uses a single master to communicate with multiple slaves usinq simple commands.

  B. Modbus is a proprietary protocol that is widely supported by vendors.

  C. Modbus uses explicit source and destination IP addresses and a sinqle known TCP port.

  D. Modbus has no known security vulnerabilities, so firewall rules are simple to implement.

  Correct Answer: C

  According to the ISA/IEC 62443-2-4 standard, a training and security awareness program should include all personnel who have access to the industrial automation and control system (IACS) or who are involved in its operation, maintenance, or management. This includes vendors and suppliers, employees, temporary staff, contractors, and visitors. The purpose of the program is to ensure that all personnel are aware of the security risks and policies related to the IACS, and that they have the necessary skills and knowledge to perform their roles in a secure manner. The program should also cover the roles and responsibilities of different personnel, the reporting procedures for security incidents, and the best practices for security hygiene. References: ISA/IEC 62443-2-4:2015 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 2-4: Security program requirements for IACS service providers1 ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Training Course2

• Question 40:

  Which is the implementation of PROFIBUS over Ethernet for non-safetv-related communications?

  Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)

  A. PROFIBUS DP

  B. PROFIBUS PA

  C. PROFINET

  D. PROF1SAFE

  Correct Answer: C

  PROFINET is the implementation of PROFIBUS over Ethernet for non- safety-related communications. It is a standard for industrial Ethernet that enables real-time data exchange between automation devices, controllers, and higher-level systems. PROFINET uses standard Ethernet hardware and software, but adds a thin software layer that allows deterministic and fast communication. PROFINET supports different communication profiles for different applications, such as motion control, process automation, and functional safety. PROFINET is compatible with PROFIBUS, and allows seamless integration of existing PROFIBUS devices and networks123 References: 1: What is PROFINET? - PI North America

  2: PROFINET - Wikipedia 3:

  PROFINET Technology and Application - System Description