Test Prep Test Prep Certifications NCE Questions & Answers

• Question 51:

  The fact that a group decision will be less conservative than a decision made by an individual can be explained by which of the following concepts?

  A. Bystander apathy

  B. Risky shift phenomenon

  C. Skepticism

  D. Conditioning

  Correct Answer: B

  Risky shift phenomenon is part of social psychology and a form of group polarization. This is related to deindividuation which occurs when a person in a group loses some of their self-identity leading to a loss of restraint and self-awareness. Bystander apathy is another term from social psychology and occurs when individuals assume that, since there are other people around, someone else has already taken action to help.

• Question 52:

  One of the first formal therapeutic groups was held by:

  A. Joseph Pratt

  B. Carl Rogers

  C. Irv Yalom

  D. Wilfred Bion

  Correct Answer: A

  In 1905, Joseph Pratt, a medical doctor from Boston, gathered a group of patients with tuberculosis in

  order to educate them. The rest are all group theorists of later years. Rogers is often referred to as the

  "father of counseling psychology".

  Yalom developed a list of therapeutic factors in group therapy. Bion was a British psychoanalyst.

• Question 53:

  Of the following, which is NOT a curative factor of group, as outlined by Yalom?

  A. Universality

  B. Instillation of hope

  C. Intrapersonal learning

  D. Group cohesiveness

  Correct Answer: C

  Interpersonal learning, not intrapersonal learning, is a curative factor. Interpersonal learning occurs when a person tries out new behaviors in group. Group is seen as a microcosm of the real world.

• Question 54:

  Jerry hears a fellow group member say, "I am really struggling with this divorce. I can't see my way to the other side sometimes. It seems like I'll never feel better." Jerry just experienced a relationship break-up himself, which spun him into a depression. Though the group member's situation is unfortunate, Jerry feels a little better hearing about it. Jerry is experiencing which curative factor of group therapy?

  A. Imitative behavior

  B. Imparting information

  C. Instillation of hope

  D. Universality

  Correct Answer: D

  Jerry is experiencing universality, when a member feels relief that they are not alone and that others share similar problems. He is not adapting another member's coping strategy, so it is not imitative behavior. Instillation of hope creates a feeling of optimism, which is not mentioned.

• Question 55:

  The archetype of the "Shadow" encompasses which of the following?

  A. All that is evil

  B. Everything that is wrong with a person

  C. All of the things about a person that he or she will not acknowledge

  D. None of the above

  Correct Answer: C

  Carl Jung believed the "Shadow" represented the dark side of someone's personality.

• Question 56:

  A counselor that decides his consultancy fee job-by-job instead of setting a standard rate is using a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule.

  A. True

  B. False

  Correct Answer: A

  A variable ratio schedule is when a reward occurs after an unpredictable amount of responses and typically provides a high rate of response. The counselor's rate is unpredictable from one job to the next. A fixed ratio schedule occurs when a response is reinforced after a set number of responses. Fixed interval schedules reinforce the response only after a certain amount of time has passed. Variable interval schedules reinforce the response after an unpredictable amount of time has gone by.

• Question 57:

  A conditioned association is not a learned association.

  A. True

  B. False

  Correct Answer: B

  In operant conditioning, therapists believe the reaction to an object or event can be modified by learning, or conditioning.

• Question 58:

  Which person is associated with the beginning of the guidance movement?

  A. Adler

  B. Parsons

  C. Freud

  D. Ellis

  Correct Answer: B

  Frank Parsons is known as the founder of the guidance movement. His talent matching approach was later developed into the Trait and Factor Theory of Occupational Choice. Adler was the founder of individual psychology, Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis, and Ellis was the founder of rational emotive behavior therapy.

• Question 59:

  Behavioral reinforcers always raise behavioral probability.

  A. True

  B. False

  Correct Answer: A

  The purpose of reinforcers is to increase the likelihood that a specific behavior will occur following a stimulus.

• Question 60:

  Which of the following would not be a part of a standard first counseling session with a therapist who was practicing client-centered counseling?

  A. Introduction

  B. Note-taking

  C. Discussion

  D. All of the above would be included

  Correct Answer: D

  A large focus of client-centered counseling is discussion, often guided by the client.