Test Prep Test Prep Certifications NCE Questions & Answers

• Question 71:

  A counselor who chooses their theory and techniques in order to match the client's attributes, resources, and situation is called:

  A. eccentric

  B. eclectic

  C. holistic

  D. informal

  Correct Answer: B

  The eclectic approach can be quite successful. Most counselors using this approach still adhere to one or two main counseling theories, but draw techniques from many different theories. A counselor using a holistic approach would consider the person as a whole (body, mind, emotions, spirit) rather than the separate parts when meeting with a client.

• Question 72:

  ________________ results when ideal standards are violated. According to Freud, this is a function of the __________________.

  A. Guilt, ego

  B. Anger, ego

  C. Guilt, superego

  D. Shame, id

  Correct Answer: C

  The superego sets ideal standards and guilt results when we violate them.

• Question 73:

  A counselor sets her monthly fees for consulation on a job-by-job basis. Which of the following reinforcement schedules is this an example of?

  A. variable ratio

  B. fixed ratio

  C. fixed interval

  D. variable interval

  Correct Answer: A

  A variable ratio schedule is when a reward occurs after an unpredictable amount of responses and typically provides a high rate of response. The counselor's rate is unpredictable from one job to the next. A fixed ratio schedule occurs when a response is reinforced after a set number of responses. Fixed interval schedules reinforce the response only after a certain amount of time has passed. Variable interval schedules reinforce the response after an unpredictable amount of time has gone by.

• Question 74:

  Suppression and repression are different because:

  A. suppression is involuntary

  B. repression is involuntary

  C. they are not different

  D. repression is voluntary

  Correct Answer: B

  In psychoanalysis, repression is when upsetting memories are kept out of the conscious mind. Throughout therapy, using free association, psychoanalysts try to help uncover repressed memories and feelings. Suppression is when a person knowingly tries not to think or feel a certain way.

• Question 75:

  Which is true about Freud's idea of the preconscious mind:

  A. It contains only hidden or forgotten memories.

  B. It contain only what is happening in the present.

  C. It's our mind's state before we're born.

  D. It contains both hidden memories and what is happening.

  Correct Answer: D

  The pre-conscious mind contains elements from both the unconscious and the conscious minds. The unconscious mind contains hidden or forgotten memories and the conscious mind contains what is happening in the present.

• Question 76:

  Nathan has been working on cutting down on drinking. He tells you he passed a state store and 'found my car pulling itself into the lot.' He denies giving much conscious thought to it. Nathan is describing the workings of:

  A. The superego

  B. The id

  C. The ego

  D. The conscious mind

  Correct Answer: B

  According to Freud, the id is present at birth and is part of the unconscious. It is impulsive, not rational, and moves towards pleasure and away from pain. The superego is made up of the conscience and ideal self and incorporates society's values and norms. The ego uses a rational process to solve problems and meet the id's demands while satisfying the superego.

• Question 77:

  Which theorist spoke of social connectedness?

  A. Freud

  B. Jung

  C. Adler

  D. Skinner

  Correct Answer: C

  Social connectedness is the measure of how an individual is connected to and takes interest in the wellbeing of others. Adler believed when people reached a level of social connectedness, they would feel successful and happy. The other theorists mentioned above adhered more toward an individualistic explanation of success and happiness.

• Question 78:

  In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents a different culture because they share:

  A. similar tastes in the arts

  B. educational levels

  C. interest in religion

  D. similar ideas, behaviors, and values

  Correct Answer: D

  Typically, members of each socioeconomic group share similar ideas, behaviors, and values which fits the definition of culture.

• Question 79:

  Therapists adhering to which of the following theories would believe that aggression is learned through modeling?

  A. Social Learning

  B. Behavioral

  C. Psychodynamic

  D. Humanistic

  Correct Answer: A

  Albert Bandura demonstrated this with his famous Bobo Doll Experiments. Children in the group who saw the adult treat the doll aggressively were much more aggressive in their own treatment of the doll. Behaviorists would believe aggression is learned through conditioning. Psychodynamic followers would explain aggression as an instinct - Thanatos. The humanistic explanation is that aggression is caused by unmet needs.

• Question 80:

  Which of the following is true about counseling within a cultural context?

  A. Behaviors cannot be measured as accurately.

  B. Personal identity becomes more clearly defined.

  C. The consequences of problems are more ambiguous.

  D. Counseling interviews hold less meaning.

  Correct Answer: B

  Personal identity becomes more clearly defined within a cultural context. Furthermore, behaviors are measured more accurately, consequences of problems are more obvious and counseling interviews are more meaningful when held within a cultural context. When a counselor counsels within a cultural context, the clients will be able to relate to what the counselor is saying and will be able to view themselves and self-reflect.