The primary seat of tubercular infection is generally in the upper part of the lung. The invading organisms settle on the surface here and cause a multiplication of the cells and an inflammatory exudate in a small area. With the continuous growth of the bacilli in the localized region, adjoining areas of the lung become affected, and there is further extension into the immediate vicinity by means of the lymphatics. Small nodules form and then coalesce to create a larger area. The body primarily defends itself with the formation of dense masses of cicatricial tissue, which function to wall off the affected area. This results in unfavorable growth conditions for the bacilli. This mode of defense, combined with the production of substances antagonistic to the toxins produced by the bacilli, is so efficacious that in the great majority of cases no further extension of the process takes place. In certain cases, however, the growth of the bacilli in the focus area is unchecked, then the surrounding tissue is killed and converted into a soft semi-fluid material; further extension then takes place. All parts of the enormous surface of the lungs are connected by a system of air tubes or bronchi, and as a result, the bacilli have favorable opportunity for distribution. This opportunity is facilitated by sudden movements of the air currents in the lung produced by coughing. The body's defense; however, can still keep pace with the attack, and even in an advanced stage, the infection can sometimes be permanently checked; in other cases, the check is temporary, the process of softening continues, and large cavities are produced by the destruction of the tissue. On the inner surface of these cavities there may be a rapid growth of bacilli. From the lungs, the bacilli are carried by the lymphatics to the lymph nodes at the root of the lungs, in which a similar process takes place; this, on the whole, is favorable, because further extension by this route is for a time blocked. The extension across surfaces continues and the abundant sputum, which is formed in the lungs and contains large numbers of bacilli, becomes the vehicle of transportation. The windpipe and larynx may become infected, as the back parts of each are more closely in contact with the sputum and are the parts most generally infected. A large part of the sputum is swallowed and infection of the intestine takes place with the lesions taking the form of large ulcers. From the intestinal ulcers there is further extension by means of the lymphatics to the large lymph nodes in the back of the abdominal cavity.
The author is considering the addition of another paragraph. Which of the following would serve as the best topic sentence of the added paragraph?
A. After leaving the abdominal cavity, the sputum makes its way to the bloodstream, where it can further infect the organism.
B. The lymphatics serve many purposes in facilitating the growth of the bacilli within the body.
C. While it may seem as if the body has given up the fight at this point, this is not the case.
D. It is within the abdominal cavity that tubercular infection finds its biggest obstacle.
The primary seat of tubercular infection is generally in the upper part of the lung. The invading organisms settle on the surface here and cause a multiplication of the cells and an inflammatory exudate in a small area. With the continuous growth of the bacilli in the localized region, adjoining areas of the lung become affected, and there is further extension into the immediate vicinity by means of the lymphatics. Small nodules form and then coalesce to create a larger area. The body primarily defends itself with the formation of dense masses of cicatricial tissue, which function to wall off the affected area. This results in unfavorable growth conditions for the bacilli. This mode of defense, combined with the production of substances antagonistic to the toxins produced by the bacilli, is so efficacious that in the great majority of cases no further extension of the process takes place. In certain cases, however, the growth of the bacilli in the focus area is unchecked, then the surrounding tissue is killed and converted into a soft semi-fluid material; further extension then takes place. All parts of the enormous surface of the lungs are connected by a system of air tubes or bronchi, and as a result, the bacilli have favorable opportunity for distribution. This opportunity is facilitated by sudden movements of the air currents in the lung produced by coughing. The body's defense; however, can still keep pace with the attack, and even in an advanced stage, the infection can sometimes be permanently checked; in other cases, the check is temporary, the process of softening continues, and large cavities are produced by the destruction of the tissue. On the inner surface of these cavities there may be a rapid growth of bacilli. From the lungs, the bacilli are carried by the lymphatics to the lymph nodes at the root of the lungs, in which a similar process takes place; this, on the whole, is favorable, because further extension by this route is for a time blocked. The extension across surfaces continues and the abundant sputum, which is formed in the lungs and contains large numbers of bacilli, becomes the vehicle of transportation. The windpipe and larynx may become infected, as the back parts of each are more closely in contact with the sputum and are the parts most generally infected. A large part of the sputum is swallowed and infection of the intestine takes place with the lesions taking the form of large ulcers. From the intestinal ulcers there is further extension by means of the lymphatics to the large lymph nodes in the back of the abdominal cavity.
In context, efficacious, in the middle of the first paragraph, most closely means:
A. active
B. ineffective
C. potent
D. competent
The primary seat of tubercular infection is generally in the upper part of the lung. The invading organisms settle on the surface here and cause a multiplication of the cells and an inflammatory exudate in a small area. With the continuous growth of the bacilli in the localized region, adjoining areas of the lung become affected, and there is further extension into the immediate vicinity by means of the lymphatics. Small nodules form and then coalesce to create a larger area. The body primarily defends itself with the formation of dense masses of cicatricial tissue, which function to wall off the affected area. This results in unfavorable growth conditions for the bacilli. This mode of defense, combined with the production of substances antagonistic to the toxins produced by the bacilli, is so efficacious that in the great majority of cases no further extension of the process takes place. In certain cases, however, the growth of the bacilli in the focus area is unchecked, then the surrounding tissue is killed and converted into a soft semi-fluid material; further extension then takes place. All parts of the enormous surface of the lungs are connected by a system of air tubes or bronchi, and as a result, the bacilli have favorable opportunity for distribution. This opportunity is facilitated by sudden movements of the air currents in the lung produced by coughing. The body's defense; however, can still keep pace with the attack, and even in an advanced stage, the infection can sometimes be permanently checked; in other cases, the check is temporary, the process of softening continues, and large cavities are produced by the destruction of the tissue. On the inner surface of these cavities there may be a rapid growth of bacilli. From the lungs, the bacilli are carried by the lymphatics to the lymph nodes at the root of the lungs, in which a similar process takes place; this, on the whole, is favorable, because further extension by this route is for a time blocked. The extension across surfaces continues and the abundant sputum, which is formed in the lungs and contains large numbers of bacilli, becomes the vehicle of transportation. The windpipe and larynx may become infected, as the back parts of each are more closely in contact with the sputum and are the parts most generally infected. A large part of the sputum is swallowed and infection of the intestine takes place with the lesions taking the form of large ulcers. From the intestinal ulcers there is further extension by means of the lymphatics to the large lymph nodes in the back of the abdominal cavity.
What causes tissue to convert into soft semi-fluid material?
A. The attacking bacilli breaking through the cicatricial tissue
B. Air distributed through the bronchi in the lungs
C. Further extension by the lymphatics
D. Additional movement caused by coughing
The primary seat of tubercular infection is generally in the upper part of the lung. The invading organisms settle on the surface here and cause a multiplication of the cells and an inflammatory exudate in a small area. With the continuous growth of the bacilli in the localized region, adjoining areas of the lung become affected, and there is further extension into the immediate vicinity by means of the lymphatics. Small nodules form and then coalesce to create a larger area. The body primarily defends itself with the formation of dense masses of cicatricial tissue, which function to wall off the affected area. This results in unfavorable growth conditions for the bacilli. This mode of defense, combined with the production of substances antagonistic to the toxins produced by the bacilli, is so efficacious that in the great majority of cases no further extension of the process takes place. In certain cases, however, the growth of the bacilli in the focus area is unchecked, then the surrounding tissue is killed and converted into a soft semi-fluid material; further extension then takes place. All parts of the enormous surface of the lungs are connected by a system of air tubes or bronchi, and as a result, the bacilli have favorable opportunity for distribution. This opportunity is facilitated by sudden movements of the air currents in the lung produced by coughing. The body's defense; however, can still keep pace with the attack, and even in an advanced stage, the infection can sometimes be permanently checked; in other cases, the check is temporary, the process of softening continues, and large cavities are produced by the destruction of the tissue. On the inner surface of these cavities there may be a rapid growth of bacilli. From the lungs, the bacilli are carried by the lymphatics to the lymph nodes at the root of the lungs, in which a similar process takes place; this, on the whole, is favorable, because further extension by this route is for a time blocked. The extension across surfaces continues and the abundant sputum, which is formed in the lungs and contains large numbers of bacilli, becomes the vehicle of transportation. The windpipe and larynx may become infected, as the back parts of each are more closely in contact with the sputum and are the parts most generally infected. A large part of the sputum is swallowed and infection of the intestine takes place with the lesions taking the form of large ulcers. From the intestinal ulcers there is further extension by means of the lymphatics to the large lymph nodes in the back of the abdominal cavity.
Based on the information in paragraph 1, it is likely that sneezing would:
A. Expedite the progression of the infection
B. Impede the growth of the bacteria
C. Aid the body in the removal of the infection
D. Obstruct further passage for the bacteria
The primary seat of tubercular infection is generally in the upper part of the lung. The invading organisms settle on the surface here and cause a multiplication of the cells and an inflammatory exudate in a small area. With the continuous growth of the bacilli in the localized region, adjoining areas of the lung become affected, and there is further extension into the immediate vicinity by means of the lymphatics. Small nodules form and then coalesce to create a larger area. The body primarily defends itself with the formation of dense masses of cicatricial tissue, which function to wall off the affected area. This results in unfavorable growth conditions for the bacilli. This mode of defense, combined with the production of substances antagonistic to the toxins produced by the bacilli, is so efficacious that in the great majority of cases no further extension of the process takes place. In certain cases, however, the growth of the bacilli in the focus area is unchecked, then the surrounding tissue is killed and converted into a soft semi-fluid material; further extension then takes place. All parts of the enormous surface of the lungs are connected by a system of air tubes or bronchi, and as a result, the bacilli have favorable opportunity for distribution. This opportunity is facilitated by sudden movements of the air currents in the lung produced by coughing. The body's defense; however, can still keep pace with the attack, and even in an advanced stage, the infection can sometimes be permanently checked; in other cases, the check is temporary, the process of softening continues, and large cavities are produced by the destruction of the tissue. On the inner surface of these cavities there may be a rapid growth of bacilli. From the lungs, the bacilli are carried by the lymphatics to the lymph nodes at the root of the lungs, in which a similar process takes place; this, on the whole, is favorable, because further extension by this route is for a time blocked. The extension across surfaces continues and the abundant sputum, which is formed in the lungs and contains large numbers of bacilli, becomes the vehicle of transportation. The windpipe and larynx may become infected, as the back parts of each are more closely in contact with the sputum and are the parts most generally infected. A large part of the sputum is swallowed and infection of the intestine takes place with the lesions taking the form of large ulcers. From the intestinal ulcers there is further extension by means of the lymphatics to the large lymph nodes in the back of the abdominal cavity.
It is true that bacilli:
A. are insensible to outside influence.
B. attack lymph nodes first.
C. produce toxins harmful to the body.
D. do not destroy surrounding tissue.
The primary seat of tubercular infection is generally in the upper part of the lung. The invading organisms settle on the surface here and cause a multiplication of the cells and an inflammatory exudate in a small area. With the continuous growth of the bacilli in the localized region, adjoining areas of the lung become affected, and there is further extension into the immediate vicinity by means of the lymphatics. Small nodules form and then coalesce to create a larger area. The body primarily defends itself with the formation of dense masses of cicatricial tissue, which function to wall off the affected area. This results in unfavorable growth conditions for the bacilli. This mode of defense, combined with the production of substances antagonistic to the toxins produced by the bacilli, is so efficacious that in the great majority of cases no further extension of the process takes place. In certain cases, however, the growth of the bacilli in the focus area is unchecked, then the surrounding tissue is killed and converted into a soft semi-fluid material; further extension then takes place. All parts of the enormous surface of the lungs are connected by a system of air tubes or bronchi, and as a result, the bacilli have favorable opportunity for distribution. This opportunity is facilitated by sudden movements of the air currents in the lung produced by coughing. The body's defense; however, can still keep pace with the attack, and even in an advanced stage, the infection can sometimes be permanently checked; in other cases, the check is temporary, the process of softening continues, and large cavities are produced by the destruction of the tissue. On the inner surface of these cavities there may be a rapid growth of bacilli. From the lungs, the bacilli are carried by the lymphatics to the lymph nodes at the root of the lungs, in which a similar process takes place; this, on the whole, is favorable, because further extension by this route is for a time blocked. The extension across surfaces continues and the abundant sputum, which is formed in the lungs and contains large numbers of bacilli, becomes the vehicle of transportation. The windpipe and larynx may become infected, as the back parts of each are more closely in contact with the sputum and are the parts most generally infected. A large part of the sputum is swallowed and infection of the intestine takes place with the lesions taking the form of large ulcers. From the intestinal ulcers there is further extension by means of the lymphatics to the large lymph nodes in the back of the abdominal cavity.
Which description best characterizes the tone of this passage?
A. Subjective and biased
B. Objective and unbiased
C. Scientific and caring
D. Clinical and respectful
The primary seat of tubercular infection is generally in the upper part of the lung. The invading organisms settle on the surface here and cause a multiplication of the cells and an inflammatory exudate in a small area. With the continuous growth of the bacilli in the localized region, adjoining areas of the lung become affected, and there is further extension into the immediate vicinity by means of the lymphatics. Small nodules form and then coalesce to create a larger area. The body primarily defends itself with the formation of dense masses of cicatricial tissue, which function to wall off the affected area. This results in unfavorable growth conditions for the bacilli. This mode of defense, combined with the production of substances antagonistic to the toxins produced by the bacilli, is so efficacious that in the great majority of cases no further extension of the process takes place. In certain cases, however, the growth of the bacilli in the focus area is unchecked, then the surrounding tissue is killed and converted into a soft semi-fluid material; further extension then takes place. All parts of the enormous surface of the lungs are connected by a system of air tubes or bronchi, and as a result, the bacilli have favorable opportunity for distribution. This opportunity is facilitated by sudden movements of the air currents in the lung produced by coughing. The body's defense; however, can still keep pace with the attack, and even in an advanced stage, the infection can sometimes be permanently checked; in other cases, the check is temporary, the process of softening continues, and large cavities are produced by the destruction of the tissue. On the inner surface of these cavities there may be a rapid growth of bacilli. From the lungs, the bacilli are carried by the lymphatics to the lymph nodes at the root of the lungs, in which a similar process takes place; this, on the whole, is favorable, because further extension by this route is for a time blocked. The extension across surfaces continues and the abundant sputum, which is formed in the lungs and contains large numbers of bacilli, becomes the vehicle of transportation. The windpipe and larynx may become infected, as the back parts of each are more closely in contact with the sputum and are the parts most generally infected. A large part of the sputum is swallowed and infection of the intestine takes place with the lesions taking the form of large ulcers. From the intestinal ulcers there is further extension by means of the lymphatics to the large lymph nodes in the back of the abdominal cavity.
The main idea of the passage could best be summarized as:
A. The progression of a tubercular infection and how the body's immune system responds to it.
B. How bacilli maintain growth inside of the body.
C. The human body's reaction to a bacterial infection.
D. The progression of a tubercular infection.
Which of the following atoms has the highest electronegativity?
A. Cl
B. Br
C. N
D. F
Which of the following groups of the periodic table contains alkali metals?
A. Group I A
B. Group II A
C. Group VII A
D. Group VIII A
Which of the following is found to be different in isotopes of the same chemical element?
A. Protons
B. Neutrons
C. Electrons
D. Atomic number
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