Since 1997, the American Heart Association (AHA) has attempted to increase awareness about cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women. Fortunately, great progress has been made to educate individuals about CVD and its consequences. According to the AHA's 2011 Guidelines for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women, the misconception that CVD is a "man's disease" has been somewhat disproved, as awareness among the general public increased from 30% in 1997 to 54% in 2009. Unfortunately, CVD continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women. Since 1984, the number of deaths related to CVD in women exceeded those in men. In the United States, CVD death rates among women aged 35 to 54 years appear to be increasing by 1% annually, which is most likely attributable to the escalating obesity epidemic. According to the AHA, even though CVD is the number 1 cause of death among women, only 13% of women perceive CVD as a health threat. CVD is responsible for more deaths among women than the next 3 leading causes of death combined, including all forms of cancer. Due to the ongoing prevalence of CVD, increasing awareness and understanding of CVD, especially among the female population, is still a top priority for many health care professionals. As one of the most accessible health care professionals, pharmacists are in a pivotal position to educate and inform their patients of the risks associated with CVD, possible drug therapies, and preventive measures. The AHA has set a goal for 2020 to improve cardiovascular health in all Americans by 20%, while reducing deaths from CVD and stroke by 20%. According to the American Heart Association, in the United States a woman dies of some form of CVD every minute and more than 1 in 3 females have some form of CVD. Studies have demonstrated that gender differences may play an important role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CVD. Unfortunately, many women may not always recognize the warning signs and symptoms of a heart attack because they sometimes appear more subtle when compared with those typically experienced by men. Results from a study of 515 women who had heart attacks report that 43% did not experience any type of chest pain or pressure during the heart attack. Although the classic symptoms include chest pain, tingling in the left arm, sweating, and shortness of breath, women may also experience some "atypical" symptoms, such as extreme fatigue, nausea, dizziness, indigestion, vomiting, and pain in the neck or back. By learning and recognizing the warning signs, women can take a proactive approach to their cardiovascular health and get treatment earlier to prevent further complications.
Why are women often unaware of their CVD symptoms?
A. Their symptoms are less obvious than those of men.
B. The majority of them do not believe they are susceptible to CVD.
C. They are misinformed by the majority of the media.
D. They are not correctly informed by their pharmacists and health care professionals.
Since 1997, the American Heart Association (AHA) has attempted to increase awareness about cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women. Fortunately, great progress has been made to educate individuals about CVD and its consequences. According to the AHA's 2011 Guidelines for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women, the misconception that CVD is a "man's disease" has been somewhat disproved, as awareness among the general public increased from 30% in 1997 to 54% in 2009. Unfortunately, CVD continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women. Since 1984, the number of deaths related to CVD in women exceeded those in men. In the United States, CVD death rates among women aged 35 to 54 years appear to be increasing by 1% annually, which is most likely attributable to the escalating obesity epidemic. According to the AHA, even though CVD is the number 1 cause of death among women, only 13% of women perceive CVD as a health threat. CVD is responsible for more deaths among women than the next 3 leading causes of death combined, including all forms of cancer. Due to the ongoing prevalence of CVD, increasing awareness and understanding of CVD, especially among the female population, is still a top priority for many health care professionals. As one of the most accessible health care professionals, pharmacists are in a pivotal position to educate and inform their patients of the risks associated with CVD, possible drug therapies, and preventive measures. The AHA has set a goal for 2020 to improve cardiovascular health in all Americans by 20%, while reducing deaths from CVD and stroke by 20%. According to the American Heart Association, in the United States a woman dies of some form of CVD every minute and more than 1 in 3 females have some form of CVD. Studies have demonstrated that gender differences may play an important role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CVD. Unfortunately, many women may not always recognize the warning signs and symptoms of a heart attack because they sometimes appear more subtle when compared with those typically experienced by men. Results from a study of 515 women who had heart attacks report that 43% did not experience any type of chest pain or pressure during the heart attack. Although the classic symptoms include chest pain, tingling in the left arm, sweating, and shortness of breath, women may also experience some "atypical" symptoms, such as extreme fatigue, nausea, dizziness, indigestion, vomiting, and pain in the neck or back. By learning and recognizing the warning signs, women can take a proactive approach to their cardiovascular health and get treatment earlier to prevent further complications.
The author relies upon all of the following EXCEPT which of the following to make his/her argument?
A. Direct quotation
B. Survey
C. Anecdotal evidence
D. Research studies
Since 1997, the American Heart Association (AHA) has attempted to increase awareness about cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women. Fortunately, great progress has been made to educate individuals about CVD and its consequences. According to the AHA's 2011 Guidelines for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women, the misconception that CVD is a "man's disease" has been somewhat disproved, as awareness among the general public increased from 30% in 1997 to 54% in 2009. Unfortunately, CVD continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women. Since 1984, the number of deaths related to CVD in women exceeded those in men. In the United States, CVD death rates among women aged 35 to 54 years appear to be increasing by 1% annually, which is most likely attributable to the escalating obesity epidemic. According to the AHA, even though CVD is the number 1 cause of death among women, only 13% of women perceive CVD as a health threat. CVD is responsible for more deaths among women than the next 3 leading causes of death combined, including all forms of cancer. Due to the ongoing prevalence of CVD, increasing awareness and understanding of CVD, especially among the female population, is still a top priority for many health care professionals. As one of the most accessible health care professionals, pharmacists are in a pivotal position to educate and inform their patients of the risks associated with CVD, possible drug therapies, and preventive measures. The AHA has set a goal for 2020 to improve cardiovascular health in all Americans by 20%, while reducing deaths from CVD and stroke by 20%. According to the American Heart Association, in the United States a woman dies of some form of CVD every minute and more than 1 in 3 females have some form of CVD. Studies have demonstrated that gender differences may play an important role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CVD. Unfortunately, many women may not always recognize the warning signs and symptoms of a heart attack because they sometimes appear more subtle when compared with those typically experienced by men. Results from a study of 515 women who had heart attacks report that 43% did not experience any type of chest pain or pressure during the heart attack. Although the classic symptoms include chest pain, tingling in the left arm, sweating, and shortness of breath, women may also experience some "atypical" symptoms, such as extreme fatigue, nausea, dizziness, indigestion, vomiting, and pain in the neck or back. By learning and recognizing the warning signs, women can take a proactive approach to their cardiovascular health and get treatment earlier to prevent further complications.
In context, the word "pivotal" in paragraph 3 most nearly means
A. determining
B. crucial
C. important
D. central
Since 1997, the American Heart Association (AHA) has attempted to increase awareness about cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women. Fortunately, great progress has been made to educate individuals about CVD and its consequences. According to the AHA's 2011 Guidelines for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women, the misconception that CVD is a "man's disease" has been somewhat disproved, as awareness among the general public increased from 30% in 1997 to 54% in 2009. Unfortunately, CVD continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women. Since 1984, the number of deaths related to CVD in women exceeded those in men. In the United States, CVD death rates among women aged 35 to 54 years appear to be increasing by 1% annually, which is most likely attributable to the escalating obesity epidemic. According to the AHA, even though CVD is the number 1 cause of death among women, only 13% of women perceive CVD as a health threat. CVD is responsible for more deaths among women than the next 3 leading causes of death combined, including all forms of cancer. Due to the ongoing prevalence of CVD, increasing awareness and understanding of CVD, especially among the female population, is still a top priority for many health care professionals. As one of the most accessible health care professionals, pharmacists are in a pivotal position to educate and inform their patients of the risks associated with CVD, possible drug therapies, and preventive measures. The AHA has set a goal for 2020 to improve cardiovascular health in all Americans by 20%, while reducing deaths from CVD and stroke by 20%. According to the American Heart Association, in the United States a woman dies of some form of CVD every minute and more than 1 in 3 females have some form of CVD. Studies have demonstrated that gender differences may play an important role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CVD. Unfortunately, many women may not always recognize the warning signs and symptoms of a heart attack because they sometimes appear more subtle when compared with those typically experienced by men. Results from a study of 515 women who had heart attacks report that 43% did not experience any type of chest pain or pressure during the heart attack. Although the classic symptoms include chest pain, tingling in the left arm, sweating, and shortness of breath, women may also experience some "atypical" symptoms, such as extreme fatigue, nausea, dizziness, indigestion, vomiting, and pain in the neck or back. By learning and recognizing the warning signs, women can take a proactive approach to their cardiovascular health and get treatment earlier to prevent further complications.
Of the following, which is an opinion expressed by the author?
A. "...only 13% of women perceive CVD as a health threat." In paragraph 1.
B. "...the misconception that CVD is a `man's disease'..." in paragraph 1.
C. "Unfortunately, many women may not always recognize..." in paragraph 4.
D. "...43% did not experience any type of chest pain..." in paragraph 5.
Since 1997, the American Heart Association (AHA) has attempted to increase awareness about cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women. Fortunately, great progress has been made to educate individuals about CVD and its consequences. According to the AHA's 2011 Guidelines for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women, the misconception that CVD is a "man's disease" has been somewhat disproved, as awareness among the general public increased from 30% in 1997 to 54% in 2009. Unfortunately, CVD continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women. Since 1984, the number of deaths related to CVD in women exceeded those in men. In the United States, CVD death rates among women aged 35 to 54 years appear to be increasing by 1% annually, which is most likely attributable to the escalating obesity epidemic. According to the AHA, even though CVD is the number 1 cause of death among women, only 13% of women perceive CVD as a health threat. CVD is responsible for more deaths among women than the next 3 leading causes of death combined, including all forms of cancer. Due to the ongoing prevalence of CVD, increasing awareness and understanding of CVD, especially among the female population, is still a top priority for many health care professionals. As one of the most accessible health care professionals, pharmacists are in a pivotal position to educate and inform their patients of the risks associated with CVD, possible drug therapies, and preventive measures. The AHA has set a goal for 2020 to improve cardiovascular health in all Americans by 20%, while reducing deaths from CVD and stroke by 20%. According to the American Heart Association, in the United States a woman dies of some form of CVD every minute and more than 1 in 3 females have some form of CVD. Studies have demonstrated that gender differences may play an important role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CVD. Unfortunately, many women may not always recognize the warning signs and symptoms of a heart attack because they sometimes appear more subtle when compared with those typically experienced by men. Results from a study of 515 women who had heart attacks report that 43% did not experience any type of chest pain or pressure during the heart attack. Although the classic symptoms include chest pain, tingling in the left arm, sweating, and shortness of breath, women may also experience some "atypical" symptoms, such as extreme fatigue, nausea, dizziness, indigestion, vomiting, and pain in the neck or back. By learning and recognizing the warning signs, women can take a proactive approach to their cardiovascular health and get treatment earlier to prevent further complications.
The main idea of the passage can best be summarized as
A. raising awareness of the dangers of CVD to women.
B. educating Americans on the importance of cardiovascular health.
C. providing women with statistics regarding CVD.
D. describing the causes, effects, and treatment of CVD.
Since 1997, the American Heart Association (AHA) has attempted to increase awareness about cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women. Fortunately, great progress has been made to educate individuals about CVD and its consequences. According to the AHA's 2011 Guidelines for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women, the misconception that CVD is a "man's disease" has been somewhat disproved, as awareness among the general public increased from 30% in 1997 to 54% in 2009. Unfortunately, CVD continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women. Since 1984, the number of deaths related to CVD in women exceeded those in men. In the United States, CVD death rates among women aged 35 to 54 years appear to be increasing by 1% annually, which is most likely attributable to the escalating obesity epidemic. According to the AHA, even though CVD is the number 1 cause of death among women, only 13% of women perceive CVD as a health threat. CVD is responsible for more deaths among women than the next 3 leading causes of death combined, including all forms of cancer. Due to the ongoing prevalence of CVD, increasing awareness and understanding of CVD, especially among the female population, is still a top priority for many health care professionals. As one of the most accessible health care professionals, pharmacists are in a pivotal position to educate and inform their patients of the risks associated with CVD, possible drug therapies, and preventive measures. The AHA has set a goal for 2020 to improve cardiovascular health in all Americans by 20%, while reducing deaths from CVD and stroke by 20%. According to the American Heart Association, in the United States a woman dies of some form of CVD every minute and more than 1 in 3 females have some form of CVD. Studies have demonstrated that gender differences may play an important role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CVD. Unfortunately, many women may not always recognize the warning signs and symptoms of a heart attack because they sometimes appear more subtle when compared with those typically experienced by men. Results from a study of 515 women who had heart attacks report that 43% did not experience any type of chest pain or pressure during the heart attack. Although the classic symptoms include chest pain, tingling in the left arm, sweating, and shortness of breath, women may also experience some "atypical" symptoms, such as extreme fatigue, nausea, dizziness, indigestion, vomiting, and pain in the neck or back. By learning and recognizing the warning signs, women can take a proactive approach to their cardiovascular health and get treatment earlier to prevent further complications.
Throughout the passage, it is implied that which of the following will lead to fewer deaths resulting from CVD?
A. Finding a cure for CVD.
B. Raising awareness and understanding of CVD.
C. Teaching women about the consequences of CVD.
D. Educating men and women about heart attacks.
Since 1997, the American Heart Association (AHA) has attempted to increase awareness about cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women. Fortunately, great progress has been made to educate individuals about CVD and its consequences. According to the AHA's 2011 Guidelines for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women, the misconception that CVD is a "man's disease" has been somewhat disproved, as awareness among the general public increased from 30% in 1997 to 54% in 2009. Unfortunately, CVD continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women. Since 1984, the number of deaths related to CVD in women exceeded those in men. In the United States, CVD death rates among women aged 35 to 54 years appear to be increasing by 1% annually, which is most likely attributable to the escalating obesity epidemic. According to the AHA, even though CVD is the number 1 cause of death among women, only 13% of women perceive CVD as a health threat. CVD is responsible for more deaths among women than the next 3 leading causes of death combined, including all forms of cancer. Due to the ongoing prevalence of CVD, increasing awareness and understanding of CVD, especially among the female population, is still a top priority for many health care professionals. As one of the most accessible health care professionals, pharmacists are in a pivotal position to educate and inform their patients of the risks associated with CVD, possible drug therapies, and preventive measures. The AHA has set a goal for 2020 to improve cardiovascular health in all Americans by 20%, while reducing deaths from CVD and stroke by 20%. According to the American Heart Association, in the United States a woman dies of some form of CVD every minute and more than 1 in 3 females have some form of CVD. Studies have demonstrated that gender differences may play an important role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CVD. Unfortunately, many women may not always recognize the warning signs and symptoms of a heart attack because they sometimes appear more subtle when compared with those typically experienced by men. Results from a study of 515 women who had heart attacks report that 43% did not experience any type of chest pain or pressure during the heart attack. Although the classic symptoms include chest pain, tingling in the left arm, sweating, and shortness of breath, women may also experience some "atypical" symptoms, such as extreme fatigue, nausea, dizziness, indigestion, vomiting, and pain in the neck or back. By learning and recognizing the warning signs, women can take a proactive approach to their cardiovascular health and get treatment earlier to prevent further complications.
Awareness of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women was partially limited because:
A. The American Heart Association did not do enough to raise awareness prior to 1997.
B. There was a prevailing misconception that AVD was a "man's disease."
C. The Guidelines for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women was not published until 1997.
D. The AHA was ill-informed about the statistics of CVD occurrence in men and women.
Lead ?non-biodegradable, soft, malleable, as well as heat and corrosion resistant ?is environmentally omnipresent. Its known properties make it an ideal metal for automobiles, paint, smelting, ceramics, and plastics. Not many years ago, it was also utilized in the toy industry. Unfortunately, lead is toxic to humans. Humans neither need lead nor derive benefits from it. Although lead toxicity has been a global concern since the industrial revolution in the late 1800s, civilization has been unable to prevent or control it satisfactorily. Overall incidence of lead poisoning among American children has fallen from 4.4% in the early 1990s to 1.4% in 2004. In 2002, around 10 out of every 100,000 of adults had lead toxicity. Venous blood lead levels (BLLs) of 10 mcg/dL and 25 mcg/dL were considered toxic in children and adults, respectively. But, since any level of lead can cause toxicity, the CDC announced a new, lower reference value for children in June 2012: 5 mcg/dL. Infants and children absorb a higher fraction of lead than adults do when exposed, increasing their vulnerability. Approximately 450,000 American children have BLLs >5 mcg/dL. Consequently, lead poisoning is still a problem. Lead exposure can start with prenatal maternal-fetal transmission. Outside the womb, children may inhale (or eat) lead dust, often present in street debris, soil, and most frequently, aged house paint. Lead-based paint was phased out in the 1970s, lowering, but not eliminating, risk of exposure. Old pipes sometimes leach lead into drinking water. Lead hazards are disproportionately found in low-income housing. Adults rarely develop lead poisoning, but risk is increased for industrial workers who use or manufacture lead-based products. Health care providers use many tests to identify lead poisoning. In addition to the BLL, a blood smear may show basophilic stippling ribosomal clusters. Increased urinary aminolaevulinic acid concentrations are also reliable indicators. Plain film radiographs can reveal visible lead lines in patients' long bones. Astute clinicians sometimes diagnose lead poisoning after seeing a blue line along patients' gums (Burton's line) that forms when lead reacts with sulfur ions released by oral bacteria. Lead affects every organ system and causes an unpredictable variety of symptoms. The nervous system is most sensitive (centrally in children, peripherally in adults), but lead affects hematopoietic, hepatic, and renal systems, producing serious disorders. Acute lead poisoning's classic symptoms include colic, encephalopathy, anemia, neuropathy, and Fanconi syndrome (abnormal glucose, phosphates, and amino acid excretion). Sometimes, classic signs and symptoms are absent, confusing the clinical picture.
In context, which of the following expresses an opinion of the author?
A. "Unfortunately, lead is toxic to humans." in paragraph 1.
B. "Overall incidence of lead poisoning...has fallen from 4.4%...to 1.4%" in paragraph 1.
C. "Lead exposure can start with prenatal maternal-fetal transmission." in paragraph 3.
D. "Sometimes, classic signs and symptoms are absent..." in paragraph 5.
Lead ?non-biodegradable, soft, malleable, as well as heat and corrosion resistant ?is environmentally omnipresent. Its known properties make it an ideal metal for automobiles, paint, smelting, ceramics, and plastics. Not many years ago, it was also utilized in the toy industry. Unfortunately, lead is toxic to humans. Humans neither need lead nor derive benefits from it. Although lead toxicity has been a global concern since the industrial revolution in the late 1800s, civilization has been unable to prevent or control it satisfactorily. Overall incidence of lead poisoning among American children has fallen from 4.4% in the early 1990s to 1.4% in 2004. In 2002, around 10 out of every 100,000 of adults had lead toxicity. Venous blood lead levels (BLLs) of 10 mcg/dL and 25 mcg/dL were considered toxic in children and adults, respectively. But, since any level of lead can cause toxicity, the CDC announced a new, lower reference value for children in June 2012: 5 mcg/dL. Infants and children absorb a higher fraction of lead than adults do when exposed, increasing their vulnerability. Approximately 450,000 American children have BLLs >5 mcg/dL. Consequently, lead poisoning is still a problem. Lead exposure can start with prenatal maternal-fetal transmission. Outside the womb, children may inhale (or eat) lead dust, often present in street debris, soil, and most frequently, aged house paint. Lead-based paint was phased out in the 1970s, lowering, but not eliminating, risk of exposure. Old pipes sometimes leach lead into drinking water. Lead hazards are disproportionately found in low-income housing. Adults rarely develop lead poisoning, but risk is increased for industrial workers who use or manufacture lead-based products. Health care providers use many tests to identify lead poisoning. In addition to the BLL, a blood smear may show basophilic stippling ribosomal clusters. Increased urinary aminolaevulinic acid concentrations are also reliable indicators. Plain film radiographs can reveal visible lead lines in patients' long bones. Astute clinicians sometimes diagnose lead poisoning after seeing a blue line along patients' gums (Burton's line) that forms when lead reacts with sulfur ions released by oral bacteria. Lead affects every organ system and causes an unpredictable variety of symptoms. The nervous system is most sensitive (centrally in children, peripherally in adults), but lead affects hematopoietic, hepatic, and renal systems, producing serious disorders. Acute lead poisoning's classic symptoms include colic, encephalopathy, anemia, neuropathy, and Fanconi syndrome (abnormal glucose, phosphates, and amino acid excretion). Sometimes, classic signs and symptoms are absent, confusing the clinical picture.
What is NOT a test to detect lead poisoning?
A. aminolaevulinic
B. blood smear
C. BLL
D. radiographs
Lead ?non-biodegradable, soft, malleable, as well as heat and corrosion resistant ?is environmentally omnipresent. Its known properties make it an ideal metal for automobiles, paint, smelting, ceramics, and plastics. Not many years ago, it was also utilized in the toy industry. Unfortunately, lead is toxic to humans. Humans neither need lead nor derive benefits from it. Although lead toxicity has been a global concern since the industrial revolution in the late 1800s, civilization has been unable to prevent or control it satisfactorily. Overall incidence of lead poisoning among American children has fallen from 4.4% in the early 1990s to 1.4% in 2004. In 2002, around 10 out of every 100,000 of adults had lead toxicity. Venous blood lead levels (BLLs) of 10 mcg/dL and 25 mcg/dL were considered toxic in children and adults, respectively. But, since any level of lead can cause toxicity, the CDC announced a new, lower reference value for children in June 2012: 5 mcg/dL. Infants and children absorb a higher fraction of lead than adults do when exposed, increasing their vulnerability. Approximately 450,000 American children have BLLs >5 mcg/dL. Consequently, lead poisoning is still a problem. Lead exposure can start with prenatal maternal-fetal transmission. Outside the womb, children may inhale (or eat) lead dust, often present in street debris, soil, and most frequently, aged house paint. Lead-based paint was phased out in the 1970s, lowering, but not eliminating, risk of exposure. Old pipes sometimes leach lead into drinking water. Lead hazards are disproportionately found in low-income housing. Adults rarely develop lead poisoning, but risk is increased for industrial workers who use or manufacture lead-based products. Health care providers use many tests to identify lead poisoning. In addition to the BLL, a blood smear may show basophilic stippling ribosomal clusters. Increased urinary aminolaevulinic acid concentrations are also reliable indicators. Plain film radiographs can reveal visible lead lines in patients' long bones. Astute clinicians sometimes diagnose lead poisoning after seeing a blue line along patients' gums (Burton's line) that forms when lead reacts with sulfur ions released by oral bacteria. Lead affects every organ system and causes an unpredictable variety of symptoms. The nervous system is most sensitive (centrally in children, peripherally in adults), but lead affects hematopoietic, hepatic, and renal systems, producing serious disorders. Acute lead poisoning's classic symptoms include colic, encephalopathy, anemia, neuropathy, and Fanconi syndrome (abnormal glucose, phosphates, and amino acid excretion). Sometimes, classic signs and symptoms are absent, confusing the clinical picture.
Which of the following is true about lead?
A. Humans require some of it to survive.
B. It is non-toxic in small quantities.
C. It has properties that made it attractive to certain manufacturers.
D. It affects only certain organ systems upon exposure.
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