CompTIA CompTIA Certifications CLO-002 Questions & Answers

• Question 171:

  For which of the following reasons is the infrastructure as code technique used?

  A. To improve the ability to migrate applications to different cloud providers to avoid vendor lock-in.

  B. To specify the hardware configuration and system installation procedures in machine- readable formats.

  C. To capture the system configurations to track changes and remediate configuration drift.

  D. To assign server administration responsibilities to software developers for application deployments.

  Correct Answer: C

  Explanation: Infrastructure as code (IaC) is a software engineering approach that allows the provisioning and management of infrastructure resources using code and automation1. It involves defining infrastructure configurations and

  provisioning them through code, rather than manually configuring and managing infrastructure resources2. One of the main reasons for using IaC is to capture the system configurations to track changes and remediate configuration drift3.

  Configuration drift is the phenomenon where the actual state of an infrastructure resource deviates from its desired state over time due to manual interventions, updates, patches, or other factors. Configuration drift can cause inconsistencies,

  errors, and security issues in the infrastructure environment. IaC helps to prevent and detect configuration drift by storing the infrastructure configuration code in a version control system and applying it consistently across all environments.

  IaC also enables the use of automated testing and validation tools to verify the compliance and functionality of the infrastructure resources. By using IaC, DevOps teams can ensure that the infrastructure is always in a known and reproducible

  state, and that any changes are documented and traceable. References: 1: https://technology.gov.capital/infrastructure-as- code-iac/ 2: https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/iac/ 3: https://learn.microsoft.com/en- us/devops/deliver/what-isinfrastructure-as-code :

  https://www.comptia.org/training/books/cloud-essentials-clo-002-study-guide, Chapter 5, page 179-180

• Question 172:

  Which of the following is used to build and manage interconnections between cloud resources within the same cloud environment?

  A. Firewall

  B. Software-defined network

  C. Virtual private network

  D. Direct Connect

  Correct Answer: B

  Explanation: A software-defined network (SDN) is a category of technologies that make it possible to manage a network via software. SDN technology enables IT administrators to configure their networks using a software application. SDN software is interoperable, meaning it should be able to work with any router or switch, no matter which vendor made it1. SDN is used to build and manage interconnections between cloud resources within the same cloud environment, as it allows for greater flexibility, scalability, and automation of network configuration and operation2. SDN is also a key component of cloud computing, as it enables the creation of virtual networks that can span across different physical infrastructures3. A firewall is a device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined rules. A firewall is used to protect a network from unauthorized access or malicious attacks, but it does not create or manage interconnections between cloud resources4. A virtual private network (VPN) is a technology that creates a secure and encrypted connection over a public network, such as the Internet. A VPN is used to extend a private network across a public network, allowing users to access remote resources as if they were on the same local network. A VPN is not used to build or manage interconnections between cloud resources within the same cloud environment, but rather to connect different cloud environments or users to a cloud environment5. Direct Connect is a service offered by some cloud providers, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), that allows customers to establish a dedicated network connection between their premises and the cloud provider's data center. Direct Connect is used to bypass the public Internet and provide a more consistent and secure network performance, as well as lower costs and latency. Direct Connect is not used to build or manage interconnections between cloud resources within the same cloud environment, but rather to connect a customer's network to a cloud provider's network. References: What is software- defined networking (SDN)? | Cloudflare, What is Software-Defined Networking? - IBM, Software-defined networking - Wikipedia, What is a firewall? | Cloudflare, What is a VPN? | Cloudflare, [AWS Direct Connect - Amazon Web Services]

• Question 173:

  A company is in its second year of a three-year agreement with a cloud vendor. After the initial phase of the cloud migration, resource consumption has stabilized.

  Which of the following would help the company reduce the cost of infrastructure?

  A. Reserved instances

  B. Pay-as-you-go

  C. Spot instances

  D. Bring your own license

  Correct Answer: A

  Explanation: Reserved instances are a type of cloud pricing model that allows customers to reserve a certain amount of cloud resources for a fixed period of time, usually one or three years, and pay a lower rate than the on-demand or pay-as-you-go model. Reserved instances are suitable for workloads that have predictable and stable resource consumption, as they can help customers save up to 75% of the cloud costs compared to the on-demand model1. However, reserved instances also require a long-term commitment and upfront payment, which may reduce the flexibility and scalability of the cloud. The other options are not likely to help the company reduce the cost of infrastructure: Pay-as-you-go: This is a type of cloud pricing model that allows customers to pay only for the resources they use, without any upfront or long-term commitment. Pay-as-you-go is suitable for workloads that have variable and unpredictable resource consumption, as it provides flexibility and scalability. However, pay-as- you-go is also the most expensive cloud pricing model, as it charges a higher rate per unit of resource than the reserved or spot instances models1. Spot instances: This is a type of cloud pricing model that allows customers to bid for unused cloud resources at a discounted rate, usually up to 90% lower than the on-demand model1. Spot instances are suitable for workloads that are flexible, interruptible, and not time-sensitive, as they can be terminated at any time by the cloud provider when the demand or price increases. Spot instances can help customers save a lot of money, but they also introduce a high level of uncertainty and risk to the cloud environment. Bring your own license: This is a type of cloud pricing model that allows customers to use their existing software licenses on the cloud, instead of purchasing new licenses from the cloud provider. Bring your own license can help customers reduce the software costs, but it does not affect the cost of infrastructure, which is based on the amount and type of cloud resources used2. References: Cloud Pricing Models: On-Demand, Reserved, and Spot Instances Bring Your Own License (BYOL) in Cloud Computing

• Question 174:

  An organization is determining an acceptable amount of downtime. Which of the following aspects of cloud design should the organization evaluate?

  A. RPO

  B. RTO

  C. ERP

  D. TCO

  Correct Answer: B

  Explanation: RTO stands for Recovery Time Objective, which is the time frame within which an IT resource must fully recover from a disruptive event1. RTO is a measure of the acceptable amount of downtime that an organization can tolerate in case of a disaster or a failure2. RTO helps an organization to plan and design its cloud backup and disaster recovery strategy, as it determines how quickly the cloud services and applications need to be restored to resume normal business operations2. RTO also helps an organization to estimate the potential costs and losses associated with downtime, and to balance them with the costs and resources required for recovery2. RTO is different from RPO, which stands for Recovery Point Objective, and is the acceptable amount of data loss that an organization can tolerate in case of a disaster or a failure1. RPO helps an organization to plan and design its cloud backup frequency and retention policy, as it determines how much data needs to be backed up and how often2. RPO also helps an organization to estimate the potential costs and losses associated with data loss, and to balance them with the costs and resources required for backup2. ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning, which is a type of software system that integrates and automates various business processes and functions, such as accounting, inventory, human resources, customer relationship management, and more3. ERP is not directly related to cloud design or downtime, although some ERP systems can be deployed on the cloud or use cloud services3. TCO stands for Total Cost of Ownership, which is a financial estimate that considers all the direct and indirect costs associated with acquiring and operating an asset or a service over its lifetime. TCO is a useful metric for comparing different cloud solutions and providers, as it helps an organization to evaluate the true costs and benefits of cloud adoption. TCO is not directly related to cloud design or downtime, although downtime can affect the TCO of a cloud solution by increasing the costs and reducing the benefits. References: 2: CompTIA Cloud Essentials+ Certification Study Guide, Second Edition (LO-002), Chapter 3: Cloud Planning, Section 3.2: Cloud Adoption, Subsection 3.2.3: Recovery Point Objective and Recovery Time Objective; 1: phoenixNAP, RTO vs RPO Understanding The Key Difference; 3: Investopedia, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP); : CompTIA Cloud Essentials+ Certification Study Guide, Second Edition (LO-002), Chapter 2: Cloud Concepts, Section 2.2: Cloud Economics, Subsection 2.2.1: Total Cost of Ownership

• Question 175:

  A SaaS provider specifies in a user agreement that the customer agrees that any misuse of the service will be the responsibility of the customer. Which of the following risk response methods was applied?

  A. Acceptance

  B. Avoidance

  C. Transference

  D. Mitigation

  Correct Answer: C

  Transference is a risk response method that involves shifting the responsibility or impact of a risk to a third party3. Transference does not eliminate the risk, but it reduces the exposure or liability of the original party. A common example of

  transference is insurance, where the risk is transferred to the insurer in exchange for a premium4. In this case, the SaaS provider transfers the risk of misuse of the service to the customer by specifying it in the user agreement.

  References:

  Avoid, Mitigate, Transfer, or Accept? PMP uide, ProjectPractical Avoid, Mitigate, Accept or Transfer?, St Andrews Consulting

• Question 176:

  A business analyst is reviewing a software upgrade plan. The plan mentions the term "hash" value. Which of the following BEST represents what this term implies?

  A. Non-repudiation of data

  B. Integrity of data

  C. Confidentiality of data

  D. Availability of data

  Correct Answer: B

  Explanation: A hash value is a unique code that is generated by applying a mathematical algorithm to a piece of data. Hash values are used to ensure the integrity of data, which means that the data has not been altered or corrupted in any way. By comparing the hash value of the original data with the hash value of the received or stored data, one can verify that the data is identical and has not been tampered with. Hash values can also be used for digital signatures, which provide non-repudiation of data, meaning that the sender or owner of the data cannot deny its authenticity or origin. However, hash values alone do not provide confidentiality or availability of data, which are other aspects of data security. Confidentiality means that the data is protected from unauthorized access or disclosure, and availability means that the data is accessible and usable when needed. Hash values do not encrypt or hide the data, nor do they prevent data loss or downtime. References: CompTIA Cloud Essentials+ CLO-002 Study Guide, Chapter 5: Cloud Security Principles, Section 5.2: Data Security Concepts, Page 1471 and Ensuring Data Integrity with Hash Codes - .NET | Microsoft Learn

• Question 177:

  Which of the following cloud deployment models has on-premises and off-site data?

  A. Private

  B. Community

  C. Public

  D. Hybrid

  Correct Answer: D

  Explanation: A hybrid cloud is a cloud deployment model that has on-premises and off-site data. A hybrid cloud is a combination of public and private clouds that are connected by a common network and share data and applications. A hybrid cloud allows an organization to leverage the benefits of both public and private clouds, such as scalability, cost-efficiency, security, and control. A hybrid cloud also enables an organization to move workloads and data between the clouds based on performance, availability, compliance, and cost requirements. For example, an organization can use a private cloud for sensitive data and applications, and a public cloud for less critical data and applications, or for temporary or seasonal workloads. A hybrid cloud can also provide backup and disaster recovery solutions by replicating data and applications between the clouds. References: CompTIA Cloud Essentials+ CLO-002 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Cloud Computing Concepts, page 511. Cloud Deployment Models: What's the Difference? | VMware News and Stories2. What are the different types of cloud computing? | Google Cloud3. 5 Types of Cloud Deployment Models and How to Use Them

  -MUO4.

• Question 178:

  A company would like to improve its current DR plan with an emphasis on high availability. Which of the following metrics should the company focus on?

  A. MTTR

  B. RTO

  C. QoS

  D. RPO

  Correct Answer: B

  Explanation: A company that would like to improve its current disaster recovery (DR) plan with an emphasis on high availability should focus on the metrics of recovery time objective (RTO) and recovery point objective (RPO). RTO is the maximum duration of time that a system or service can be unavailable after a disaster or disruption before the business suffers unacceptable consequences. RPO is the maximum amount of data loss that a system or service can tolerate in a disaster or disruption before the business suffers unacceptable consequences. Both RTO and RPO measure the impact of downtime on the business and help determine the appropriate recovery strategies and solutions. High availability requires low RTO and RPO values, which means that the system or service should be restored quickly and with minimal data loss in case of a disaster or disruption. References: CompTIA Cloud Essentials+ CLO-002 Study Guide, Chapter 6: Cloud Operations Principles, Section 6.2: Disaster Recovery Concepts, Page 1791 and Service Availability: Calculations and Metrics, Five 9s, and Best Practices ?BMC Software | Blogs

• Question 179:

  Resource consumption in a company's laaS environment has been stable; however, a few servers have recently experienced spikes in CPU usage for days at a time. Costs are rising steadily, and it is unclear who owns the servers. Which of the following would work BEST to allow the company to charge the appropriate department? (Select TWO).

  A. Employ a software defined network.

  B. Employ orchestration automation.

  C. Review the storage usage reports.

  D. Review the network ingress reports.

  E. Employ resource tagging.

  F. Review the compute usage reports.

  Correct Answer: EF

  Resource tagging is the process of applying metadata tags to cloud resources, such as servers, storage, or network, that contain information about the resource's associated workload, environment, ownership, or other attributes. Resource

  tagging can help with identifying, organizing, and managing cloud resources, as well as tracking their cost and usage1. By employing resource tagging, the company can assign tags to the servers that indicate which department owns them,

  and use those tags to filter and report on the resource consumption and billing.

  Compute usage reports are reports that provide detailed information about the usage of compute resources, such as servers, in a cloud environment. Compute usage reports can show metrics such as CPU, memory, disk, or network

  utilization, as well as the duration and frequency of usage2. By reviewing the compute usage reports, the company can monitor the performance and demand of the servers, and identify the causes and patterns of the spikes in CPU usage.

  Compute usage reports can also help with optimizing the compute resources, such as scaling, right-sizing, or consolidating the

• Question 180:

  A business analyst at a large multinational organization has been tasked with checking to ensure an application adheres to GDPR rules. Which of the following topics would be BEST for the analyst to research?

  A. Data integrity

  B. Industry-based requirements

  C. ISO certification

  D. Regulatory concerns

  Correct Answer: C

  Explanation: Right-sizing compute resource instances is the process of matching instance types and sizes to workload performance and capacity requirements at the lowest possible cost. It's also the process of identifying opportunities to eliminate or downsize instances without compromising capacity or other requirements, which results in lower costs and higher efficiency1. Right-sizing is a key mechanism for optimizing cloud costs, but it is often ignored or delayed by organizations when they first move to the cloud. They lift and shift their environments and expect to right-size later. Speed and performance are often prioritized over cost, which results in oversized instances and a lot of wasted spend on unused resources2. Right-sizing compute resource instances is the best action that the analyst should consider to lower costs and improve efficiency, as it can help reduce the amount of resources and money spent on instances that operate at a fraction of the full processing capacity. Right- sizing can also improve the performance and reliability of the instances by ensuring that they have enough resources to meet the workload demands. Right-sizing is an ongoing process that requires continuous

  monitoring and analysis of the instance usage and performance metrics, as well as the use of tools and frameworks that can simplify and automate the right-sizing decisions1. Consolidating into fewer instances, using spot instances, or negotiating better prices on the company's reserved instances are not the best actions that the analyst should consider to lower costs and improve efficiency, as they have some limitations and trade-offs compared to right-sizing. Consolidating into fewer instances can reduce the number of instances, but it does not necessarily optimize the type and size of the instances. Consolidating can also introduce performance and availability issues, such as increased latency, reduced redundancy, or single points of failure3. Using spot instances can reduce the cost of instances, but it also introduces the risk of interruption and termination, as spot instances are subject to fluctuating prices and availability based on the supply and demand of the cloud provider4. Negotiating better prices on the company's reserved instances can reduce the cost of instances, but it also requires a long-term commitment and upfront payment, which reduces the flexibility and scalability of the cloud environment5. References: Right Sizing - Cloud Computing Services; The 6-Step Guide To Rightsizing Your Instances - CloudZero; Consolidating Cloud Services: How to Do It Right | CloudHealth by VMware; Spot Instances - Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud; Reserved Instances - Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud.